chem final

Gas laws help us understand how gases behave. Here are the basics:

Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures: When you mix different gases in a container, the total pressure is just the sum of the pressures from each gas. Think of it like a group of people in a room—each person can be in their own space, but together they fill the whole room.
Charles's Law: This shows that when you heat gas, it expands. Imagine blowing up a balloon with warm air— the balloon gets bigger!
Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT): This theory says gas particles are super energetic and move around a lot. They don't like to hang out together—they’re more like party-goers bouncing around.
Ideal Gas Law: There's a formula (PV=nRT) that combines pressure, volume, and temperature to help us calculate how gases behave under different conditions.
Effusion: This is when gas sneaks through tiny openings. Lighter gases can wiggle through faster than heavier ones—like a light person slipping through a crowd faster than a heavy one.

Free Response Section

A small sample of helium gas occupies 4 mL at a temperature of -141 °C. At what temperature does the volume expand to 12 mL?

When a supply of hydrogen gas is held in a 5.12 liter container at 326K, it exerts a pressure of 800 torrs. The supply is moved to a 2.34 liter container and cooled to 165 K. What is the new pressure of the confined gas?

Using the following equation: Fe,O, + 3H, → 2Fe + 3H,O

How many atoms of hydrogen gas are needed to completely react with 634 g of Iron (I

Oxide(Fe,Os) ?

41. How many ml of solution are needed to make a 6.21 M solution with 1.94 moles of Cao?

3,200 mL

12,000 mL

215 mL

312 mL

42. A titration reveals that 21.6 mL of 2.8 M HCI are required to neutralize the sodium hydroxide in 50.00 mL of NaOH solution. What is the molarity of the NaOH solution?

HCI + NaOH →› NaCI + HO

12.1 M

b. 1.39 M

с. 13.9 M

d. 1.21 M

43. At what pressure must 3.11 moles of O, gas be at a Temperature of 37°C in a 22 L container?

4.17 mmHg

422 mmHg

2,735 mmHg

378 mmHg

44. Each of these flasks contains the same number of gas molecules. In which would the pressure be lowest?

273 K

300 K

325 K

400 K

Flask 1

Flask 2

Flask 3

Flask 4

Flask 3

Flask 2

C. Flask 1

Flask 4

They are all the same pressure

45. Which gas will effuse the fastest, assuming all gases are in the same container at the same temperature?

Ог

CO2

31.7

won with a small amount of solute is

Concentrated

Miscible

Immiscible

Dilute

Use the following graph to answer questions 32-36:

140

110

Grams of solute per 100 g HO

KNO3

NaNO3

KCI

Nắcl

-Cez(SO4)3

10 20 30 40 50 60 70

80 90 100

Temperature (°C)

32. What mass of KCIO, will dissolve in 100g of water at 0°C?

b. 31g

14g

d. 8g

33. Which of the following substances is most soluble in water at 10°C?

a. Ce,(SO4)3 15

KCI:

NH3

NaNO, 96

True or false, 54°C is 129.2°F.

True

False

at 002 mis

In the final sum of 1.89 - 0.103, the total number of significant figures i...

Round 0,0004583 to three significant figures, and express it in scientific notation. a. 4.58 × 10*

4.58 × 10°

4.59 × 104

4.59 × 10°

Using this chemical equation: P,010 €HO -{H,PO.

What is the mole ratio of HO to HaPO,?

a. 6:4 b.

3:2

1:1

3:1

25. Using this equation: N2 + 3H2→2 NH3

If 0.600 moles of NH were produced, how many moles of H2 are required?

a. 0.300 moles H2 b.

0.400 moles Ha

0.900 moles H2

d. 0.600 moles H2

What mass of NaCI will dissolve in 200g of water at 100°C7 a.

20g

40g

60g

80g

What type of solution is the substance if you dissolved 50g of NaCl at 90°C7

Unsaturated

Saturated

Supersaturated

Oversaturated

36. At what temperature will 55g of NH,CI dissolve?

8°C

100°C

60°C

50°C

Calculate pH given [H"]= 2.97 × 10° mol/L

a. 8.53

b. 7.53

6.86

d. 2.76

Calculate [OH] given pOH = 9.36

a. 5.87x 10°

b. 4.36× 10-10

c. 2.29× 10°

d. 7.34x 10-10

39. In the equation above, what is the Bronsted Lowry acid?

HPO,

d. HO

40. How much 0.06 M HCI solution can be made by diluting 350 mL of 14 M HCI?

294 L

81.7 L

2.4L

1.5 L

Name

COM

17 C

1 G

1. Identify the type of reaction SO, + 2L1,5 Sex+241,0

Single Replacement

Double Replacement

Synthesis

Decomposition

8. Prediot the Products for this reaction:

Zn(NO,), + Ag.PO, —

ZAPO, + Ag(NO.)

ZAPO, + AgNO, Zn.(PO.), + AgNO,

Cd.ZnPO, + Ag.(NOs)

0. Calculate the molar mass for a molecule of water

12 g/mol

18 g/mol

23 g/mol

42 g/mol

10. How many grams are in 3 moles of Hydrogen?

1 grams H2

2 grams Ha

3 grams Ha

6 grams H,

11. How many moles are in 13.2 grams of Nickel?

0.22 moles NI

0.94 moles Ni

C.184.8 moles NI

d. 778.8 moles Ni

What is the percent composition of silver in silver chloride (AgCl)? a.

23.3%

45.0 %

75.5%

98.4%

How many formula units are in a 12.0 mole sample of Cus?

a. 1.99

b. 7.22 x1024

c. 7.22

d. 1.99 x1023

26. Using this equation: 3CaBr, + 2Na,P → Ca,P, + 6NaBr

How many grams of sodium bromide (NaBr) would be produced from 2 moles of calcium

bromide(CaBr) ?

206.00 g

103.93 g

411.56 g

66.01 g

27. Using this equation: 4A/ + 30, - 2AL,O,

How many grams of oxygen gas are needed to completely react with 227 g of

269g of 0г

359 g of 02

202g of 02

d. 135g of 02

28. Given the following reaction: CsH12 + 8 O, → 5 CO, + 6 H,O

If there are 72g of C5H12 and 286g of 02. Which would be the limiting reactant in the reaction?

CO2

29. A student calculates that a reaction should produce 10.0g of a product. After performing the experiment in the lab, they find they have collected exactly 8.5g of the product.

Which of the following statements correctly describes this scenario?

The theoretical yield is 8.5g, the actual yield is 10.0g, and the percent yield is 118%.

The theoretical yield is 10.0g, the actual yield is 8.5g, and the percent yield is 85%.

The actual yield is 10.0g, the theoretical yield is 8.5g, and the percent yield is 85%.

The theoretical yield is 10.0g, the actual yield is 8.5g, and the percent yield is 15%.

30. Two liquids which will not mix together are called?

Miscible

Immiscible

Solvent

Solute

41. How many mi of solution are needed to make a 621M solution with 1.94 moles of Cao?

3,200 mL

b. 12,000 mL

215 ml.

312 mL

42. A titration reveals that 21.6 ml. of 2.8 M HCI are required to neutralize the sodlum hydroxide in 50.00 mL of NaCH solution. What is the molarity of the Na

12.1 M

HCI + NaOH → NaCI + H,O

PH solution?

1.39 M

13.9 M

1.21 M

43. At what pressure must 3.11 moles of O, gas be at a Temperature of 3: container?

) а 22 L

4.17 mmHg

422 mmHg

2,735 mmHg

d. 378 mmHg

44. Each of these flasks contains the same number of gas molecules. In whi

pressure be lowest?

ДАДА

Flask 4

ould the

Flask 3

Flask 2

C. Flask 1

Flask 4

They are all the same pressure

45. Which gas will effuse the fastest, assuming all gases are in the same containe same temperature?

CHa

CO,

C/2

26. Using this equation: 3CaBr, + 2Na,P → Ca,P, + 6NaBr

How many arame of codlum bromiNaRy from 2 moles of calciur

bromide(CaBr)?

How many grams of sodium bromide (NaBr) would be produced from 2 moles of calcium

a. 206.00 g -

27. Using this equation: 4AI + 30, → 2AL,O, aluminum?

How many grams of oxygen gas are needed to completely react with g of

8. 269 go0, 227gAl Imol Al

b. 359g of 02

) g of 02

* 32gl =

135 g of Oz

26. 98gAl 4molAl I mor 02

28. Given the following reaction: CHi2 + 8 0, → 5 CO, + 6 H2o

If there are 12g of C5H12 and 288g of O2. Which would be the limiting reactant in the reaction?

CsH+2

CO,

H2O

29. A student calculates that a reaction should produce 10.0g of a product. After performing the experiment in the lab, they find they have collected exactly 8.5g of the product.

Which of the following statements correctly describes this scenario?

The theoretical yield is 8.5g, the actual yield is 10.0g, and the percent yield is

The theoretical yield is 10.0g, the actual yield is 8.5g, and the percent yield is

The actual yield is 10.0g, the theoretical yield is 8.5g, and the percent yield is 85%.

The theoretical yield is 10.0g, the actual yield is 8.5g, and the percent yield is 15%.

30. Two liquids which will not mix together are called?

Miscible

Immiscible

Solvent

Solute

46. A container with a total pressure of 19.97 atm contains He, Ne, and Ar. If the partial pressures of He and Ne are 4.23 atm and 2.98 atm respectively, what is the partial pressure of Ar?

24.49 atm

9.45 atm

12.76 atm

27.18 atm

47. An inflated basketball is left outside on a hot day, causing the temperature of the gas to increase. Which of the following would happen to the basketball?

The volume of the gas decreases

The volume of the gas increases

The amount of gas will increase

The volume will stay the same

48. The illustrations below represent the expansion of a gas in a cylinder of an engine. The piston moves as the gas volume changes. Assuming the pressure remains the same, what change in temperature would cause the volume to double.

1.0 L

0.,50 L

Initial

Final

Doubles

Goes to 1/2 the original temperature

Increases by a factor of 0.5

Remain the same

49. Which statement correctly describes the forces of attraction between ideal gas particles according to KMT?

There are no attractive or repulsive forces between the gas particles.

There are strong attractive forces that hold the particles close together.

Attractive forces exist only when the gas is at very high temperatures.