Main Topics on Final Exam

Foundations of Chemistry

Significant Digits and Scientific Notation

  • Review important concepts: significant digits and scientific notation as needed.

Atomic Theory Notes

  • Electronegativity: Focus solely on understanding electronegativity trends.

  • Exceptions: Note that Boron and Hydrogen can each have fewer than 8 electrons in their outer shells.

VSEPR (3D Stereochemistry) Shapes

  • Shapes & Angles: Learn how to draw and identify common molecular geometries and their bond angles.

  • Key Structures: Focus on the following shapes, ensuring a maximum of 8 electrons on the central atom:

    • AX2

    • AX3

    • AX4

    • AX2E2

    • AX3E

Filtration Process

  • Understanding: Comprehend how to collect precipitate formed during chemical reactions.

Balancing Reactions

  • Balanced Equations: Learn to write balanced chemical equations, including states of matter for:

    • Formation reactions

    • Decomposition reactions

    • Single Replacement reactions

    • Double Replacement reactions

    • Combustion reactions

Solubility Chart

  • Usage: Essential to understand how to correctly interpret and use the solubility chart in various scenarios.

Molecular Compounds

  • Names & Formulas: Memorize names and formulas along with states for key molecular compounds:

    • Alkanes: Methane (CH4), Ethane (C2H6), Propane (C3H8), Butane (C4H10)

    • Alcohols & Sugars: Methanol (CH3OH), Ethanol (C2H5OH), Glucose (C6H12O6), Sucrose (C12H22O11), Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2), Ammonia (NH3), Water (H2O)

Gravimetric Stoichiometry

  • Key Formulas: Understand and apply key formulas and dimensional analysis techniques for stoichiometry.

  • Reagents: Differentiate between limiting reagent and excess reagent; perform related calculations for each.

Yields

  • Definitions:

    • Theoretical Yield: The maximum amount of product that could be formed from given reactants.

    • Experimental Yield: The actual amount of product obtained from a reaction.

  • Discrepancies: Be prepared to explain differences between theoretical and experimental yields, and identify possible sources of experimental uncertainty.