Exam 1 Kinesiology Notes

Kinesiology

  • Study of how the body moves, combining anatomy, physiology, and mechanics.

Structural Kinesiology

  • Focuses on bones, muscles, and joints as they relate to movement.

Anatomical Kinesiology

  • How the musculoskeletal system relates to movement.

Anatomical Position

  • Standing straight, palms forward, feet together.
  • Used as a base for describing movement and position.

Anatomical Terminology

  • Anterior: Front
  • Posterior: Back
  • Medial: Toward the midline
  • Lateral: Away from the midline
  • Superior (or Cephalic): Above
  • Inferior (or Caudal): Below
  • Proximal: Closer to the trunk
  • Distal: Farther from the trunk
  • Superficial: Near the surface
  • Deep: Far from the surface
  • Ipsilateral: Same side
  • Contralateral: Opposite side
  • Valgus: Distal segment angled outward (e.g., knock-knees)
  • Varus: Distal segment angled inward (e.g., bowlegs)

Planes of Motion

  • Three planes of motion: Sagittal, Frontal, Transverse
  • Sagittal Plane: Flexion and Extension
  • Frontal Plane: Abduction and Adduction
  • Transverse Plane: Rotation (e.g., spinal rotation)

Axes of Rotation

  • Sagittal Plane: Frontal Axis
  • Frontal Plane: Sagittal Axis
  • Transverse Plane: Vertical Axis

Exercises by Plane

  • Sagittal Plane: Biceps curls
  • Frontal Plane: Jumping jacks
  • Transverse Plane: Spinal twists

Skeletal Anatomy

  • Axial Skeleton: Head, neck, trunk
  • Appendicular Skeleton: Arms and legs
  • Diaphysis: The long shaft of a bone.
  • Epiphysis: The end of the bone.
  • Epiphyseal Plate: The growth plate between diaphysis and epiphysis.
  • Articular Cartilage: Smooth cartilage at joint surfaces.
  • Process: A bony bump or projection for attachment.
  • Tuberosity: A large rough bump for muscle attachment.
  • Fossa: A shallow depression.
  • Foramen: A hole for nerves or vessels.

Joint Types

  • Synarthrodial Joints: Immovable (skull sutures)
  • Amphiarthrodial Joints: Slightly movable (pubic symphysis, vertebral discs)
  • Diarthrodial (Synovial) Joints: Freely movable (shoulder, knee)
  • Diarthrodial Joints Enclosure: A synovial capsule
  • Function of Synovial Fluid: Lubrication
  • Static Stabilizers: Bones, ligaments, and capsule
  • Dynamic Stabilizers: Muscles and tendons

Degrees of Freedom (Planes of Motion)

  • 1 DOF: Elbow (hinge)
  • 2 DOF: Finger joints (condyloid)
  • 3 DOF: Shoulder (ball-and-socket)

Joint Movements

  • Arthrodial (Gliding): Sliding movements, e.g., Wrist bones
  • Ginglymus (Hinge): Flexion and extension, e.g., Elbow
  • Trochoid (Pivot): Rotation, e.g., Radioulnar joint
  • Condyloid: Flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction, e.g., Knuckles
  • Enarthrodial (Ball & Socket): All movements, e.g., Shoulder, hip
  • Sellar (Saddle): Movement in multiple planes, e.g., Thumb joint (CMC)

Joint Movements (Kinematics)

  • Osteokinematic: Large movements (flexion, extension, rotation)
  • Arthrokinematic: Small joint surface movements (gliding, rolling)

Muscle Tissue Properties

  • Irritability: Responds to stimuli
  • Contractility: Ability to shorten
  • Extensibility: Ability to stretch
  • Elasticity: Ability to return to its original shape
  • Plasticity: Ability to adapt to a new length after being stretched

Muscle Terminology

  • Intrinsic Muscles: Muscles located within the body part (e.g., hand muscles)
  • Extrinsic Muscles: Muscles that originate outside the body part (e.g., forearm muscles moving the hand)
  • Gaster: The belly of the muscle
  • Tendon: Connects muscle to bone
  • Fascia: Connective tissue wrapping muscles
  • Origin: Proximal, stable attachment
  • Insertion: Distal, movable attachment
  • Line of Pull: The direction a muscle pulls when it contracts

Muscle Roles

  • Agonist: Main mover, e.g., Biceps during a curl
  • Antagonist: Opposes the agonist, e.g., Triceps during a curl
  • Stabilizer/Fixator: Holds body part steady, e.g., Rotator cuff during arm movement
  • Synergist: Assists agonist, e.g., Brachialis assisting biceps
  • Neutralizer: Prevents unwanted movement, e.g., Pronator teres during a biceps curl

Muscle Mechanics

  • Amplitude: Range of length a muscle can shorten/lengthen
  • Innervation: Nerve that activates a muscle
  • Action: Movement created by a muscle (e.g., elbow flexion by biceps)
  • Biarticular Muscles: Muscles that cross two joints (e.g., hamstrings - hip and knee)
  • Active Insufficiency: Agonist can't generate full force when shortened
  • Passive Insufficiency: Antagonist can't stretch enough to allow movement