Crim

A. Crime Typologies

1. Violent Crimes

Violent crimes are often explained through various theories, including the notion of a 'killer instinct' proposed by theorists like Konrad Lorenz and Robert Ardrey, suggesting that aggression is an inherent human trait.

Patterns indicate that violent crime is predominantly an urban issue, with higher rates in large cities compared to rural areas.

The demographic profile of offenders shows that males, particularly youths from lower socioeconomic backgrounds, are the primary perpetrators of violent crimes.

Victimization rates mirror offender demographics, with males, youths, and individuals from impoverished backgrounds being the most affected.

Unlike robbery, violent crimes such as homicide, assault, and rape are often acts of passion, typically involving acquaintances or intimate partners.

Repeat offenders are responsible for a significant proportion of serious violent crimes, indicating a cycle of violence that is difficult to break.

2. Mass Murder and Serial Killing

Serial killers operate over extended periods, committing multiple murders, while mass murderers kill many victims in a single event, highlighting different psychological profiles and motivations.

The motivations behind these violent acts can include personal trauma, psychological disorders, or societal influences that normalize violence as a means of conflict resolution.

3. Explanations for Violent Behavior

Personal traits such as aggression, impulsivity, and a history of violence can predispose individuals to commit violent acts.

Ineffective family structures, including neglect or abuse, contribute to the development of violent behavior in children and adolescents.

Substance abuse is a significant factor, as drugs and alcohol can impair judgment and increase aggression.

Cultural values and regional norms can shape attitudes towards violence, with some communities viewing it as an acceptable means of resolving disputes.

The availability of weapons plays a crucial role in the prevalence of violent crimes, as access to firearms can escalate conflicts.

4. Typology of Offenders (John Conrad)

Culturally Violent Offenders: Individuals from subcultures where violence is normalized as a problem-solving method, often seen in lower-income urban areas.

Criminally Violent Offenders: Those who use violence as a tool to achieve criminal objectives, such as robbery or drug trafficking.

Pathologically Violent Offenders: Individuals whose violent behavior is linked to mental illness or brain damage, requiring specialized intervention.

Situationally Violent Offenders: People who commit violence in specific situations, often under extreme provocation, and may feel remorse afterward.

5. Understanding Rape and Its Categories

Rape is increasingly recognized as a violent act, with sexual relations often serving as a means to express aggression and domination rather than mere sexual desire.

Three primary types of rape include:

Anger Rape: Characterized by excessive physical violence, reflecting the perpetrator's rage.

Power Rape: Focused on exerting control over the victim, with minimal force used beyond what is necessary to dominate.

Sadistic Rape: Involves a combination of sexual aggression and psychotic tendencies, where the perpetrator derives pleasure from torturing the victim.

Categories of rapists include:

Naïve Graspers: Inexperienced individuals with unrealistic expectations about sexual encounters.

Meaning Stretchers: Offenders who misinterpret friendly behavior as sexual interest, disregarding clear refusals.

Sex Looters: Individuals who lack respect for their victims and view sexual encounters as opportunities for exploitation.

Types of Serial Killers (Jack Liven and James ALLan Fox)

a) Thrill Killers These killers strive for either sexual sadism or dominance. This is the most common form of serial murderer.

b) Mission Killers These killers want to reform the world or have a mission that drives them to kill.

c) Expedience Killers Killers who kill out for profit or want to protect themselves from a perceived threat.

Types of Mass Murderer (Jack Liven and James ALLan Fox)

a) Revenge Killers - These killers seek to get even with individuals or society at large

b) Love Killers Motivated by warped sense of devotion. They are often despondent people who commit suicide and take others, such as a wife and children with them.

c) Profit Killers Usually trying to cover-up a crime, eliminate witnesses, and carry out a criminal conspiracy.

d) Terrorist Killers - Killers who are trying to send a message. Gang killings tell rivals to watch out; cult killers may actually leave a message behind to warn society about impending doom.

Rape as Violent Crime

Rape is derived from the Latin word "Rapere" which means to take by force, often perceived primarily as a sexually-motivated act. However, upon the enactment by the Philippine Congress of RA 8353, otherwise known as the Anti Rape Law of 1997 amending the Revised Penal Code, rape

seeking sexual gratification and therefore be less likely to harm their victims.

Characteristics of Rapists

a) Poor relations with women, indicating a general inability to develop interpersonal relations, lack of self-confidence, and a negative self-concept.

b) Seek power or dominance over their victims.

c) Planned to have sex on the day of the commission and rape was their intention.

Factors Contributing to the Reluctance of Rape Victims to Report the Sexual Assault

a) The stigma attached to rape victims, which allege that they either invited the attack or cooperated in it.

b) Sexist treatment given to many women, who are in effect mentally raped a second time by the criminal justice system.

c) Legal procedures that in the past have permitted courtroom prosecutors to prove the victim's sexual past, which can be both humiliating and embarrassing.

d) The burden to prove that often has been shifted to the victim, to assure that the attack was forced and against her will and that she resisted the assault.

Rape-Trauma Syndrome Refers to the adverse psychological impact rape victims continue to suffer long after the incident. It includes sexual anxiety, a pervasive fear of violence, and avoidance of relationships with opposite sex, problems in interpersonal relationships, and a general feeling of unhappiness. Thus, mental scars often remain long after the incident has occurred.

autonomy and callously uses woman as sex object.

d) Group Conformers Rapist participates in a group rape or gang bang, often following the leader. A sex looter felt a sense of conformity and notion demonstrating their masculinity.

Causes of Rape

a) Evolutionary or Biological Factor- This perspective suggests that rape may be instinctual developed over the ages as a means of perpetuating the species.

b) Male Socialization Rape is viewed as a function of modern male socialization. Some men have been socialized to be aggressive with women and believe the use of violence or force is legitimate if their sexual advances are rebuffed.

c) Hypermasculinity - Men typically have callous sexual attitude and believe violence as manly. They perceive danger as exiting and are overly sensitive to insult and ridicule.

d) Psychological Abnormality Rapists suffer from some type of personality disorder or mental illness. They exhibited psychotic tendencies, hostile and sadistic feelings toward women. A high proportion of serial rapists and repeated sexual offenders exhibited psychopathic personality structures.

e) Social Learning - It submits that men learn to commit rapes much as they learn any other labor behavior. This sexual aggression may be learned through interaction with peers who articulate attitudes supportive of sexual violence.

f) Sexual Motivation - It suggests that older criminals may rape for motives of power and control, whereas younger offenders may be

crime of incest attacks the very foundation of society; The Family.

Major Personality Groups of Incest Offenders (Blair & Rita Justice)

Symbiotic Personalities. The offender relies heavily on the child to supply the affection and warmth he lacks from other sources. These personalities constitute as 85 percent of all incest offenders. Subtypes of Incest Offenders are as follows:

Introvert. Have few social contacts outside the family except during work. The family is a shelter where he is boss; wife and daughters belong to him. Incest often results when the wife, because of illness or other circumstances, no longer supplies the love offenders crave.

Rationalizer. Carries the notion of

love for his children to extremes. Justifications or verbalized motives for this type take several forms, including claims that he just love her so much that he is educating her on what love and sex are all about, that he is protecting her by seeing that her sexual needs are met at home instead of on street, and that father-daughter sex is just another form of liberation in an uptight world.

Tyrant. Sees his wife and children as being in debt to him because he is a man and breadwinner. He loves his daughter but also believes she should punish him with sex on demand. He is very authoritarian, macho and jealous of anyone, male or female, who competes with him for the daughter's love.

Child and Spouse Abuse

Causes of Child Abuse

a) Family violence seem to be perpetuated from one generation to another within families;

b) The behavior of abusive parents can often be traced to negative experiences in their own childhood;

c) Blended families, which include children living with unrelated adult such as stepparent or another unrelated neighbor; and

d) Isolation from friends, neighbors, and relatives who can help in times of crisis.

Factors that Predict Spousal Abuse

a) Presence of alcohol and dangerous drugs

b) Hostility toward dependency

c) Excessive brooding

d) Social approval

e) Socioeconomic factors

f) Flashes of anger

g) Military service

h) Having been battered children

i) Unpredictability

Sexual Abuse/Molestation as a Violent Crime

Types of Sexual Molester

a) Incestuous Molester. Incest is a sexual intercourse between persons so closely related that marriage is prohibited. The concept of incest includes more than molestation. Incest is a crime that is almost without exception proscribed by all societies. Because the

b) High-interaction Molester. In addition to Incestuous molesters there are several other types who are unrelated to their victims. Some of these offenders are distinguished from most others by their higher socioeconomic status, above average interaction with children outside the home, and a higher probability that the victims will be male. These offenders' occupations and/or hobbies often involve children: these are the scout leaders, the dance instructors, the elementary school teachers, the choir masters, or any number of persons who use their positions as means to molest. They have always had a general interest in interacting with children and their subsequent involvement and rapport with some individuals eventually led to sexual interest.

c) Social Molester. These molesters are more likely to have criminal record for both sexual and nonsexual offenses. However, their records indicate little or no previous involvement with child victims. Their one or two molesting offenses are simply segments in a law-violating career. They are from the lowest socioeconomic status and are likely to be divorced or never married. Their offenses are opportunistic and spontaneous and are often preceded by drinking.

d) Aged Molester. As the name implies, the outstanding feature of these offenders in their advanced age. Since their child victims are rarely coerced, the offenders are likely to have several neighborhood children before the behavior becomes known to other adults.

e) Career Molester. One popular image of the molester is the adult who frequents playgrounds to prey on children. The victims are likely to be younger: 9 years or under. The offenders are also less discriminating regarding the victim's sex-whether boys or girls seems to

Alcoholic. Feels very dependent on his family and uses alcohol as a lubricant for getting closes to them. He often drinks before the sexual contacts to gain courage; he often drinks afterward to ease his guilt.

. Psychopathic Personalities.

These refer to those incest offenders seeking stimulation, novelty and excitement. Unlike the symbiotic personalities who use incest as a means for gaining closeness to someone they love, the psychopath professes neither love nor guilt.

Pedophiliac Personalities (Kraft Ebing, 1912). This type consists of persons who have sexual cravings for children whether related to them or not. These types rarely marry and have children; but if they do, incestuous sexual contacts are likely. They are usually unable to hold their own in an adult world. They are often shy, timid or withdrawn. Phedophiles are quite happy in a child's world and relate easily to children. They are lonely people who feel rejected by the mainstream of society and have serious doubts concerning their own sexual powers.

Psychotic Personalities. A small number of offenders suffer from brain damage, which may result in hallucinations and delusions promoting incestuous behavior.

Sub cultural. Scholars do not mention this type, but they mention isolated families of the Appalachian and Ozark Mountains where traditionally the oldest daughter is expected to assume her mother's role, both in the kitchen and the bed.

drug habits.

(1)Alcoholic Robbers - Robbers who steal for reasons related to their excessive consumption of alcohol.

Hate Crimes

Hate crimes are violent acts directed toward particular person or members of group merely because the targets share discernable racial, thnic, religious, or gender characteristics.

The Roots of Hate

a) Thrill seeking hate crimes

b) Reactive or defensive hate crimes

c) Mission hate crimes

d) Retaliatory hate crimes

Factors that Produce Hate Crimes

a) Poor or uncertain economic conditions

b) Racial stereotypes in films and on television

c) Hate-filled discourse on talk shows or in political advertisements

d) An individual personal experiences with members of particular minority groups

e) Scapegoating blaming a minority group for the misfortunes of society as a whole.

Stalking

Stalking is a course of conduct directed at a specific person that involves repeated physical or visual proximity, nonconsensual communication, verbal or written, or implied threats sufficient to cause fear in a reasonable person.

depend less on the offenders' preferences than on the available opportunities

Career molesters rarely use force. They rely on affability, powers of persuasion, and the gullibility of their young victims. A typical tactic is to lure victims to isolated locations, some offenders even going so far as to use toys as bait. This type of molester displays no affectional interest in children except as sexual objects.

f) Spontaneous-Aggressive Molesters. offenses of these men are not typical of

The molesters, but are sort parents fear most. The offenses can be most concisely defined as forceable rapes. The victims are usually strangers, and the offenses are spontaneous in the sense that there is little or no attempt at persuasion. The offenders pull children into vehicle or deserted buildings, or in an isolated area, the adults simply approach the little children and proceed with an attack. The attack itself likely to involve penetration on the genitals.

Robbery and Theft

Robbery is an unlawful taking of property of another employing force, violence and intimidation or force upon things.

Types of Robbers

a) Professional Robbers - are robbers who have long-term commitment to crime as a source of livelihood.

b) Opportunist Robbers Robbers who steal to obtain small amounts of money when an accessible target presents itself.

c) Addict Robbers Robbers who steal to support