Muscle

anterior deltoid → flexes and internally rotates GHJ

middle deltoid → adducts GHJ /

posterior deltoid → extends and externally rotates GHJ

supraspinatus → initiates and assists abduction of humerus with deltoids

infraspinatus and teres minor → externally rotates GHJ

subscapularis → internally rotates and adducts GHJ

teres major and latissimus dorsi → adducts, extends, and internally rotates GHJ

upper trapezius → elevates scapula

middle trapezius → retracts scapula

lower trapezius → depresses scapula

levator scapulae → elevates scapula and tilts glenoid cavity; fixes scapula and rotates it to depress glenoid cavity; fixes scapula to thoracic wall

pectoralis major → adducts, horizontally adducts and internally rotates the GHJ; clavicular head flexes GHJ and sternocostal head extends GHJ

pectoralis minor → draws scapula inferiorly and anteriorly to provide stabilization

subclavius → depresses clavicle

serratus anterior → protracts scapula and holds it to thoracic wall

biceps brachii → short head flexes elbow joint, long head flexes elbow joint and supinates elbow; main elbow flexor in supination

brachialis → flexes elbow joint; main elbow flexor with forearm pronates

coracobrachialis → flexes and adducts GHJ

triceps brachii long head → elbow and GHJ extension

triceps brachi medial and short heads → elbow extension

anconeus → extends elbow

brachioradialis → relatively weak elbow flexor; main elbow flexor in neutral/50% pronation

extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis → extends wrist, radially deviates

extensor digitorum → extends wrist; extends 2-5th digits

extensor digiti minimi → extends wrist and 5th finger

extensor carpi ulnaris → extends and ulnar deviates wrist

supinator → supinates forearm

abductor pollicis longus → extends wrist and thumb, abducts thumb

extensor pollicis brevis → extends wrist; extends proximal phalanx of thumb

extensor pollicis longus → extends wrist and distal phalanx of thumb

extensor indicis → extends wrist and 2nd finger

pronator teres → pronates and flexes elbow joint

flexor carpi radialis → flexes and radially deviates hand

palmaris longus → flexes hand

flexor carpi ulnaris → flexes and ulnar deviates hand

flexor digitorum superficialis → flexes weist, flexes MCP and PIP

flexor pollicis longus → flexes wrist and DIP of 2-5th digits

pronator quadratus → pronates forearm

masseter → elevates and protrudes mandible

temporalis → elevates and retracts TMJ

lateral pterygoid → bilaterally protrudes mandible and unilaterally contralaterally deviates mandible

medial pterygoid → bilaterally elevates and protrudes mandible and unilaterally ipsilaterally laterally deviates mandible

sternocleidomastoid → unilaterally performs ipsilateral flexion and contralateral head rotation; bilaterally performs extension of neck at AOJ and flexion of cervical spine, extends superior cervical spine while flexing lower cervical spine to perform cervical protraction

longus colli, longus capitis, rectus capitis → bilaterally flexes neck anteriorly and unilaterally flexes neck ipsilaterally

anterior and middle scalene → flexes neck ipsilaterally and elevates first rib during forced inspiration ipsilaterally

splenius capitis → bilaterally performs neck extension and unilaterally performs lateral ipsilateral flexion and rotates head and neck

posterior scalene → elevates 2nd rib during forced inspiration ; unilaterally flexes neck ipsilaterally and bilaterally extends head

serratus posterior superior → accessory respiration and elevates ribs

serratus posterior inferior → accessory expiration and depresses ribs

splenius cervicis → unilaterally laterally flexes neck and rotates head to side of active muscles and bilaterally extends head and neck to provide postural contral

illiocostalis, longissimus, spinalis → bilaterally extends the vertebral column and head and unilaterally laterally flexes the vertebral column ipsilaterally

semispinalis → unilaterally rotates segments contralaterally and bilaterally extends head, thoracic and cervical regions of the vertebral column, and provides postural control

multifidus and interspinales → unilaterally rotates to contralateral side and bilaterally extends vertebral column to provide postural control

rotatores and intertransversarii → unilaterally performs contralateral rotation and stabilizes the vertebral column and bilaterally performs extension and postural control

rectus capitis posterior minor and obliquus capitis superioris → AOJ extension

rectus capitis psoterior major → AOJ extension and AAJ ipsilateral rotation

obliquus capitis inferioris → AAJ ipsilateral rotation

rectus abdominis → performs trunk flexion, controls tilt of pelvis, compresses abdominal viscera, and stabilizes and controls tilt of pelvis

external abdominal oblique → bilaterally performs trunk flexion and compresses and supports the abdominal viscera and unilaterally performs contralateral rotation of trunk

internal abdominal oblique → bilaterally compresses and supports the abdominal viscera and flexes trunk and unilaterally rotates trunk and side bends ipsilaterally and unilaterally rotates trunk and side bends ipsilaterally

transversus abdominis → compresses and supports the abdominal viscera, assists with PPT, and acts as a natural back support belt for stabilization

diaphragm → performs inspiration

psoas major → performs thigh flexion with iliacus, flexes trunk laterally to ipsilatearly side, and when sitting flexes the trunk

iliacus → performs thigh flexion with psoas major and stabilizes hip joint

quadratus lumborum → performs extension and lateral flexion of vertebral column ipsiaterally and fixes the 12th rib during inspiration

levator ani → performs resistance to increases the intra-abdominal pressure and helps support abdominal viscera

coccygeus → performs coccyx flexion and supports pelvic viscera

obturator internus and piriformis → performs lateral rotation of hip, abducts hip, and assists in holding head of femur in acetabulum

sartorius → performs hip flexion, abduction, external rotation, and knee flexion

rectus femoris → performs hip flexion and knee extension

pectineus and adductor brevis → performs adduction and flexion of hip

adductor longus → performs adduction of hip

adductor magnus → adducts hip; adductor part performs hip flexion and hamstring part performs hip extension

gracilis → performs adduction of hip, knee flexion, and assists with internal rotation of knee

gluteus maximus → performs external rotation of hip primarily and extension of hip secondarily

gluteus medius and minimus → performs abduction, internal rotation, and stabilization of pelvis in unilateral stance

tensor fascia latae → performs hip flexion, internal rotation, and abduction of hip; acts with gluteus maximus to stabilize extended knee

piriformis → performs external rotation and horizontal abduction of hip and assists in holding head of femur in acetabulum

obturator internus → performs external rotation of hip and assists in holding head of femur in acetabulum

superior gemellus, inferior gemellus, quadratus femoris → performs external rotation and horizontal abduction of the hip and assists in holding the head of the femur in the acetabulum

obturator externus → performs external rotation of the hip

semitendinosus and semimebranosus → performs hip extension and flexes and internally rotates leg when knee is flexes

vastus lateralis and medialis and intermedius → performs knee extension

articularis genu → prevents impingement of capsule by pulling synovial membrane superiorly during knee extension

gastrocnemius → performs plantarflexion of ankle with extended knee and flexes the knee joint

popliteus → performs knee flexion and unlocks knee by externally rotating femur on fixed tibia; this may also include internal rotation of tibia of unplanted limb

plantaris → performs plantarflexion

tibialis anterior → performs dorsiflexion of the ankle, inverts the foot, and supports the medial longitudinal arch

extensor digitorum longus → performs extension of lateral 4 digits and dorsiflexes the ankle, held down by the superior and inferior extensor retinaculum

extensor hallucis longus → performs great toe extension and dorsiflexion of the ankle; tendon held down by the extensor retinaculum

fibularis tertius → performs dorsiflexion of ankle and eversion of foot

fibularis longus → performs eversion of foot, supports transverse arch of the foot, and weakly plantarflexes ankle; runs in groove on the posterior lateral malleolus is held down by the fibular retinaculum, and cuts through the groove on the cuboid

fibularis brevis → performs eversion of the foot, supports the transverse arch, and weakly plantarfleces the ankle; runsin the groove on the posterior lateral malleolus and is held down by the fibular retinaclum

soleus → performs plantarflexion of ankle

flexor hallucis longus → performs great toe flexion, weakly plantarfleces the ankle, and supports the medial longitudinal arch of the foot

flexor digitorum longus → performs flexion of the lateral 4 digits, plantar flexes the ankle, and supports the longitudinal arches of the foot

tibialis posterior → performs plantarflexion of the ankle, inverts the foot, and supports the medial longitudinal arch

abductor hallucis → performs abduction and flexion of the great toe

flexor digitorum brevis → performs flexion of the lateral 4 digits

adductor hallucis → performs adduction of the 1st digit and assists in maintaining the transverse longitudinal arch of the foot

flexor digiti minimi brevis → performs flexion of proximal phalanx of 5th digit

palmar interossei → performs adduction of digits 3-5 and fleces MTP joints

dorsal interossei → performs abduction of digits 2-4 and flexes MTP joints

extensor digitorum brevis → performs extension of digits 2-4

extensor hallucis brevis → performs extension of the MTP joint of the hallux