History Ch1

While we no longer use the term “discovery” to describe European exploration, conquest

and colonization of a land that had millions of people. There can be no doubt that

Columbus’s voyage set in motion some of history’s most important developments in

history● North and South America was not unoccupied when Europeans arrived.

● The Aztec empire had its capital at Tenochtitlan and that had a population of

250,000.(they controlled another 5 to 6 million) The Inca's had a population of

nearly 12 million people connected via a complex system of roads and bridges in

the Andes.

● Northwestern Indians- Chinook- Lived on the Pacific coast and survived by

hunting and fishing.

● Ohio and Mississippi Indians- Moundbuilders-Given this name by Europeans

who came later. This Was the Adena culture.● Southwestern Indians- Pueblo- Given the name by1

the Spanish, they are the

ancestors of the Anasazi. The Hopi and the Zuni are also in this 4 corners region.

They used desert irrigation to grow maize, beans and cotton.

● Eastern Woodlands- Hundreds of tribes populated the northeast. They lived on

corn, squash and beans, supplemented by fishing and hunting deer and turkey. The

Iroquois were the dominant tribe here. A confederation of 5 tribes-Mohawk,

Oneida, Cayuga, Seneca and Onondaga- they brought stability to the area. They

favored more permanent settlements in this area.

America Discovered….by Europeans

● Polynesians- Peruvian mummies w/sap from trees native to guinea, sweet potato on islands

● Vikings-Leif Ericson (around the year 1000 & Rune stones from the 14th

have been found in Minnesota…Kensington Rune stone)

century

● Prince Madoc- A Welsh Prince set sail in 1169 and landed in Mobile Bay. (influenced

the Mandan Indians, The fished not from canoes but coracles. Similar words.

● Africans- influences in Seminole Indians. Abubakari II of

Mali- Stories of this king leaving in 1312.

● Chinese- Zheng He (Explorer, diplomat and fleet commander

between 1404 to 1430 some of his treasure fleet is said to have

landed in the Americas)

● Columbus 1492 (Sailed for Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain.

Aboard the Nina, Pinta and the Santa Maria landing on what

most believed to be San Salvador) This became a major

turning point in history.

Motivation for Exploration- Gold, Glory & GodMotivation for Exploration- Gold, Glory & God

● Expanding Trade (Gold)- Spices, Pepper, Cinnamon, ginger, cloves

o Demand for luxuries from Asia

o New routes to Asia

● Religion (God)- Spread Christianity

o Pope Urban II issues the crusades

o Marco Polo

● Rise of Nation-States-

○ The spread of capitalism and the fall of feudalism accompanied by the

shared history and language led people to identify more with an area.

○ The rise of strong monarchs who collected taxes in exchange for

protecting its citizens.

○ Portugal is often considered the first nation-state. A common language

and beliefs in a small area led to the rise of this country.

● Technology Advances

○ Astrolab- Navigators measured the angle of a celestial body above the

horizon to establish latitude

○ Caravel- Smaller ship with both square and lenteen sails.

● Glory- Notoriety (Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal set up a sailing school)Europeans set sail for the new world

● Portugal

○ Prince Henry the Navigator- Established a sailing school and

observatory around the year 1418. Establishes ties with Africa and profits

in existing slave trade.

● Christopher Columbus- 1492 Spain

○ Explored Cuba and Hispaniola looking for Gold

○ Columbus believed he had found a route to the West Indies…thus Indians

○ He brings a little gold, parrots and Taino Indians back to England. (50,000

on San Salvador when Columbus arrived all were dead in 50 yrs)

○ On his 3rd voyage he and his men set foot on South America but after

returning to Hispaniola he is arrested and sent back to Europe in chains.

Never believed he found a new world.(1507 Italian mapmaker named the new world after

Amerigo Vespucci.)

○ 4th voyage in 1502 was with old men and ships. He was stranded in

Jamaica for about a year before rescue. Died in Valladolid, Spain 1506.● John Cabot- 1497 England

○ Henry VII sent him to the new world

○ Claimed Newfoundland and Labrador (Canada) for England.

○ These early claims were not followed up by England. (Henry VIII had other issues to

worry about)

● Balboa- 1513 Spain

○ Led an expedition across Panama

○ First to see Pacific Ocean

● Ferdinand Magellan- 1519 Spain

○ Actually Portuguese

○ Set sail in 1519 and returned in 1522

○ Only 1 ship and about 18 men of the original 260 men made the trip.

○ Magellan died in the Philippines.

● Conquistadors-Spanish explorers who conquered native cultures○ 1519 Cortez conquers Aztecs

○ 1526 Pizzaro conquers Incas

● Explore the Americas (spain)

○ 1513 Ponce De Leon (florida)

○ 1539-42 De Soto (South)

○ 1540-42 Coronado (Southwest)

● Giovanni Verrazzano- 1524 France

○ Explored from Cape Fear to New York

○ Looking for the Northwest passage

● Jacques Cartier- 1534 France

○ Made three voyages to the new world for France

○ Laid claim to Canada and the St. Lawrence river

○ Looking for the Northwest passage

● Samuel de Champlain- 1600’s France

○ He helped found Quebec in 1608

○ Cartographer and Explorer

● Sir Francis Drake- 1577 to 1580 England

○ Circumnavigate the globeCultures Collide

Indians of North America

Family

Religion

Land

High ceremonial (gods punished

or rewarded) Sha

No ownership

Europeans

Kinship networks (extended families) Nuclear family (mom, dad & siblings)

Wanted to spread Christianity

Your land, kick everyone else off

What Impact did Columbus Discovery of the New World Have?

● The Columbian Exchange

○ Europe to the New World: diseases, horses, guns, livestock

○ Africa to New World: Rice, yams, slaves

○ New World to Europe: Corn, beans, potatoes, tomatoes, tobacco

○

⅗ of the world’s crops originate in the new world

○ Revolutionized the world economy and the world’s diet

○ Revolutionized the world’s interactions both cultural and economic-

creating for nations more dependence on outside sources for gaining

resources, raw materials. Labor and markets.

■ Europe- Market, Capital, technology

■ Africa- Labor source, slavery very brutal in Central America

■ Americas- raw materials, markets for finished products.

● Destruction of Native Cultures

o Millions died by disease

o Millions died by the handsDestruction of Native Cultures

o Millions died by disease

o Millions died by the hands of Conquistadors brutalitySpain

● Establish Missions

○ Spanish settlement consisting mainly of Indians and some priests, soldiers

and craftsmen

● Presidios

○ Spanish military post, often a rectangular enclosure on a hill with

buildings placed along the inside of the fortified walls

● Wealth

o Becomes the wealthiest nation in the world

o Caused enormous inflation

● Encomienda System

o The Spanish granted license to extract labor and tribute from a particular

territory

o Led to hard labor and severe punishment for the Indians

o Abolished in 1550

● Social Groups in the New World

o Peninsularies- Native born in Spain

o Creoles- Children born in new world to Spanish parents

o Mestizo- Spanish and Indian

o Mulatto- Spanish and African

● Bartolomé de la Casas: 1484-1566Dominican friar who preached against the atrocities of the Spanish empire

o 1514 will free his slaves and begin to preach against injustice

o New Laws

o bartolome-de-las-casas-and-the-atrocities-of-the-spanish-conquistadors

● Colonize North America

o St. Augustine becomes the first permanent settlement in North America

o 1565

French

● Looking for a Northwest Passage

● Colonization-

o Grows slowly/mainly fur trappers (80% of migrants were men)

o 1673, Jesuit priest:Jacques Marquette and fur trader: Louis Joliet locate

the Mississippi River. Rene-robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle goes all the

way to the Gulf of Mexico.

o Better relationship with Indians than Spanish and English● Gets a late start-

o Settlement is slowed because of Religious upheaval. Henry VIII brings

protestantism to England.

● Sea Dogs were English privateers sent to attack Spanish ships and loot their ships.

They carried letters of Marque, which made them “legal”. The most notable sea

dogs were Sir Francis Drake and Sir Walter RaleighCh 2

Settlement to 1640

USDE

England and the Atlantic World 1558

● Sea Dogs were raiding Spanish galleons

● Elizabeth choose to use privateers instead of colonizing

● This raiding increasing the tension between the two countries

Settling the Chesapeake

Roanoke Island 1585 Sir Walter Raleigh

● Raleigh will establish a colony along the

Outer Banks of NC.

● He will send more colonists in 1587. (later

attempts to resupply are thwarted by the

Spanish Armada)

● Finally returning in 1590, all colonists are

gone. Including the first Englishman born

in the America’s, Virginia Dare. 1

● The only thing they found was

CROATOAN carved in a tree.

Jamestown 1607 TheJamestown 1607 The Virginia Company of London

(a joint stock company)

● London Company

○ Joint stock company-investors pool

money

○ No interest in a family community,

only send men

○ Interested in profit!

○ They were to “dig, mine and search

for all manner of 2

silver and copper.”

mines of gold,

● Colonists sailed on the Susan Constant,

Discovery & Godspeed.

● Bad from the beginning. 1)Choose a

swampy area 2)arrived too late to plant

crops 3)too many gentleman who would not do manual labor.

● Initial Settlers

o Gentlemen

o Adventurers

o Debilitated by malaria

o Spent energy on futile search for gold

● By late 1607, the colony was in trouble.

● John Smith took control● By late 1607, the colony was in trouble.

● John Smith took control

o began trading with the Powhatan Confederacy for food.

o Imposed work requirements

o 1609, Smith gets a gunpowder burn and returns to England.

o Colony starting to show promise