ap bio test chapter 8

1. Catabolism is a cellular process that breaks down large molecules into smaller molecules

2. Anabolic pathways consume energy to build polymers from monomers

3. The first law of thermodynamics is the conservation of energy, it states that energy cannot be created or destroyed

4. Entropy in the universe is increased when energy is transformed

5. The second law of thermodynamics discusses the increase of entropy when energy is transferred or transformed, cells requiring a constant input of energy is an example of this

6. The increasing complexity of organisms over time is consistent with the second law of thermodynamics

7. Potential energy is chemical; it is waiting to be released from the breaking of bonds; an example is a food molecule made up of energy rich macromolecules waiting to be consumed and broken down

8. G=FREE ENERGY H=TOTAL ENERGY S=ENTROPY T=TEMPERATURE G=H-TS

9. Energy coupling is the energy cycle-ATP is important to this because it provides the energy between the exergonic and endergonic reactions

10. ATP is similar to ADP and RNA: Major differences: ATP-3 phosphate ADP- 2 phosphate RNA phosphate

11. Energy coupling, or energy cycle, is the transfer of free energy from catabolic or anabolic pathways

12. Catabolic pathways are coupled with anabolic pathways to supply energy in the form of ATP

13. ATP releases energy and during this process releases inorganic phosphate; this can be added to other molecules to activate them

14. Enzyme-catalyzed reactions are faster in their reaction time than the same reaction that is enzyme free; the enzyme acts as a catalyst to speed up the reaction but not change the end result

15. Adding a catalyst will increase the rate of a chemical reaction

16. A thermodynamic barrier, known as activation energy, must be overcome to allow reactants to interact and form products from chemical reactions

17. If an expected reaction is not readily occurring this may be because the activation energy barrier cannot be overcome

18. In the induced fit model, the binding of the substrate changes the shape of the enzymes active site

19. Enzymes increase the rate of chemical reaction because they lower the amount of activation energy needed

20. A competitive inhibitor inhibits or prevents and effect

21. Increased temperature, like a fever in the body, can have serious consequences if not treated because it can change the folding of the enzymes and their function

22. Noncompetitive inhibitors change the shape of a reactant which decreases the rate of enzyme reaction

23. ATP stores energy for cellular work, it is used, phosphate is lost creating ADP, then phosphate is picked back up creating ATP and the cycle continues

24. Endergonic reaction is the positive energy moving into a system

25. Catabolic pathways release energy by breaking bonds and anabolic pathways take in or consume energy; exergonic reactions lose/use energy and endergonic reactions move energy into a system