scratch

there a resix tyeps of intemreidal fieltms ther a re7 gens tha tcino ethe fortme

so ther is soigng ot be 210 cell teys wci em thre celtue p ahve dtbheg are idfinelre exprieosj ejar7 call ceo fht ebdoa

tjeriensot fewaiof ewais ogng o o a dimer and tyhe soenf eow fw

infiemd ifle amf ea reoaing ot oein eiqohnelri they aroeing nnot ahv andy eneyr not ncuels theya roeina goeial

so almsis we re

itneir aife aoitnoew ie3qonfe no enrue gnoe cltie ntoeh geit ist eo tahaid s

the are going ot be at eufaieo awmet ean dhtey areiong o tbe otn and theys aoren go the fneios ithgn o ftel larfie wai o

aos the alfpha ebfo the ocil wha tohs i that 7th amifbn iwosign eothav ebaisla teris dfna eut eoainf oewfjewioafneiwjafiejth ahte in

jojfoewjaf oewanteio ienwitehcoiel dalsh helxi lolooololl

so weirfoewafioe

ifio awhic sio oig oe a swlel as sienfoi ethws fnepaofeal rinai anotherieng i hte diem iifonitro

poroptiflome

so teoira ioa eio lein u aptemakpe fofirp iofe lfneo rietie rifeaf eioarne aote tie

tient eii sitroa n te sitbal and os the wya sutrnigovg o FRAP

thsi flocsu reoc asicoa p

fiwhaf oetahe oafi e4 proitelme iofrio fielbrsi and thesi pfiteire idl

grap gouf erieowac ahtoefbe ain

A notehr thsi is iwt e wagoriuendlpoei fin ro edorsee tha thte roneow iroen idnclieont ht isptia ahh k fe

waht aheppsn iw fi wemrfio eintemfial feint eh cleul iclt esu so what hteuy di the y diier keraitn 13

itneiro feaiwfeawl feodnt ened axiesoirye prieotn iro d oreot help thema sbelif up tue dimer itner ian a ceytl tye wil form the inieo afiel tus it

so itne remdial fifelmts ndont eneca sorue itn ord eot telp the aiste if ute teidmer amotneo a. so theys unatioe to sotp the infei falmn fand shtge awofie al ands ifnoe wthe wainf ei

odmiafne neioan wlaei tha is iogne oe ianwf ieoafeaw o

keria 14 or 10 but thyd di e4 wic si the in laie andhte no not brueis i tslie rahses ? tea skine and thsi sinfe

dmesin are oing ot ein beifawo hte zionf eowa the cion efio fnead mscuel aiwth aiewe eioawn feiawlf

neruoiflemst a reoign ot tbe the ones i tienf iwshte neurosn andtheua oirne icicoifonfe and

sitneiro eifela tne areo incsi etuquer

this is tyr euiqibteiof ail afeia abei cit sonteo

oif eoa to esya that kerina is oging ot allwo the gen cellt so en thewgea fso beua iw we ahve othsi toue and nwo wenicel inf

ge aim enion go he keriaontg meial allw sout o tebe eixaotieal t

hiwhc o foe tialife jfio ewafoenaw foe

it is gi to pfie amfheaifone aw

the ifelamfeia wa the ajin and this proiv isturtora feotenucelmereb

a trioan foa ctex perie ehte dimie akreiaptn adkteiopem f

mgiroatn ofrio atoe fmidl efeina the skienfa ofena feoianfre oamsucfle ig otue rpajf eoa kerint eivoem of anisla hte aeoklseir otus ndanow eivnis the mculekaliten and deisnr aeorng o teiao dione ot ethe z isc aisctoghent and theeaorei aonge oafneo teioa l the antheis iogneurifnest o the aosntr and aloe fieo faonfdia eof har ei 14 o 5 i sela

hte iaof eioa the kreiant is oign o teo itehg etrnaie renpriotnes

ifonea fioe awfiel atfei 3qoine ono fe preioa to hele theye rogin thel pwmfeiafhnoe afienf eIF

fi tehwya to sotien aohc aionefewa

micbtuesl =-

laebat ea fhea fieeo grp bof rabe tio grp te afheao f

dimer oamoe st and they make pritelfmet - and tehofiet ieoa faoing eo temake micbteusls. mcditbeusl ar eogna os n the thesi sucleu te

a a dime ri siogn og atahc toeh psjeu oif fcibtuesl and thej tis ogin og ehfayo fne the it cnat gp dutenio preoafel and some tei itns ica ueifeao ewate

a osmc eitbeul are ong o n ruelg andima l with cnoetsm andicoentsl and in ciali and flagelu ajfeiaofe ao

mcitbeioa fienoa iocneito and the int eioanf it erhe conte oms, in ciali ar ebasla bodies. ,

iosnfeo a ofe aioe ah tepalus to wie fao an dmien o eht emicbteiu ornagins ie e

so eiof aioe atheya rioent foa3efna dmtiedps of els

lolooololllo

oke ofmro the mcibtues lifeaw fioe ath aiofea ofe thea rioeaw ofeiaof eiawfjeiwao feaw fejawof ewjfioe waiof ealfeio feio afneiowa feioa wfio gtiofieowafieowajfie wafjioewjafios the y oireoi afeio fbewu siong bfeuaf eio grioajf eio aio thwe rfoea steya anfef ente irfaiefhiafnep riste

fie ltifla n fle ajadjio teifio waof ifeofew aoina l

so whej wfie waofeap feionctioe io foie ofwne foe rioeamitrioa na hdnte it isdin poel ad tsi sgoing is edo fieoanfeow afe

afeowafieowa cormsoens fmeioaf eiwoa

so cmitbesi ar eiogn ehb com fhrt emoitoa ifoenaife and heue oar whe to sthsi ahh udine ifnero ahter is one chet and teitea fmewufeia oreoiag oat oa tt ot iand tperje aiofe

ofe iwaothea wthte noems mfeioanfe waomifenoa foewa

ciflea nea fe aofne ateafo fioa fo ethe eo af

dureioa ei the g1 g2 an s and that ion si fioen aofe dpaiue dioreo afesl thw ai shte uatf eg’s the waf;efoewajf afn they

hfieow fioew afioew afewaif ea so rmebrethe taetafe aofeioa fie ao40 % an tis ion foeio fieotne ao

ls tjea fenaw feawof e4 % ifoa fie thsi ofewaio feant eh ref

be afeoa nd the in eir irela gdp cna real bfin new gpr the plsu endi sin teh grp form an os tieon in the

stje iaoe fioeafettheoa io tehre oafe ioa treioa therye altneo wfoi n afneoteao falfioena felte fe wo eifo id eyao fintbtatot eaine te

oio e feianfeal eioanf ofiwoa

ifoena fo eaiof ea

ifoewa fioe afioe wafioe afieoa faofe ofe p

THis is oifn toeclaps

CLASP

EB1 eba i i sieo af oathe ateoajf ioa tehaw ewafeawlf eabf et

tSO fmeiofre athBE1 i a fiebeua foan eoarf eioaf ei f

CMAP 215 an dclMA xmap 15 na cla re aorfing oe mctbesl andte aroea g foemieal rpt eaof eof eorjeoe doeanf ofdmabteit ot hte oisbf

CMAP sna cla s rht emdualr eiofn eof mrepaido tio the and htebe i ono teofienw fht i on fbeing e

eb qi ocmaps ne awlca oseb 1i ion ofoa ap na lca si oign obe c aio febtue idofealuea dionte iaone oat e

oeof b1 nda clda cdoi aiofe arpetoena somfe afenat ehate areoingo. fpre roeofleinraiizonf

and hten ther is ktataind pieno ioner oa ebbeinf jofjeioa fieoa fio pfne athe ionfoe feitabl anf the plsue feiofneo afoe afbei oiofe anf the rie sin in14 hta tieono bf ea

eifnioe 1 4/ pien sion feoi lolepifen /feaifeo i osngo ietaof eaflollo stathmisn

kien 1 3na diont eiwoa fioea fo gieo wacnalfina ktintiang this ofneo bufew afioen

db io oaf ioewafamb. alen oaf oamcp a12n tepkeinfa nst nadktinf iorf eioa gmi diaiproitne

MJAP i oifea foeefnatca claopw snd hte diro ais ogbfeowjfioefjioewiffioewfjio

ts i amp2 miofew afioe waiofeoaif eioa iofewioa fewaf ewuta id foinewoaf eiowa

nfeowa 2i bc oafei oafeiowa fioea wft efioe thebfeioanf

mfeoafiea afeoa fpearnc atnfeoa foi teo bfeito ejafo tow tineroa ifeal fo rotioe mcitbea

tineial if lefina feaoftheareognog fone

tua is loa a othe aif theyereoaf riet eucbtel fmfpa cna bind otecierl sont ehs id eba fieof thi can bidn to two at ht ms item to bfidnt oer aio eioafeiwajfoi

dkofa ofeifewaiof ewabfiof eafeawoitetheai oe two theifs tehya eownre oat efainfe wafmioafea fmap sicnao foa ta teh ebt mapf elcap si ono

claps and ustpid a cmap si fiewnaf eiaofeawife waiof eiafnei afewfieawojfieowatieoaf eoia fejoa foia io sioflwafiewa foenwafoe waofiewfjeifjeowjfioejfiewaofjeo

iewafo ewafo ewafmape 1i ionfo e feauc i ehteoens tioarenroi ae fhele parueig higehr ord eursoin fejoiaf ewoafewofe owafeiof iowa fie afwao f

fewiafneow tua slceioarfe aofeowa fmawp wi fioenf oewa fhwa fiewofnew ofteheiaoofebao tehafjeof tejrioejfiofoemfioewa fot enf ieof ioe fioenof iofiofemf pa fioewnfo fioewjfioefioewaoifewiofeiowfeiofioewafoiewaiofeiofeiowafoiewfioewofiewoifjewoi\

os ife waif ewochroifemf eio

so lewcmap so124 ev21

tau map 2

fne the \

mfpear ear eaoreio f

so udra. l

so tai isoeofaw fn thej tie sunewoafbeat eofinoewa

mape aureal fefbufe apfheoa ofhte CSK

DKS so uflw if tejw ret fap hteya reogn og toruno no or oueaof

sofeioanfea amp it oinfso ggioena feafjiewaf

ampsof eiowa fhte foe ifoa

Durlg alei cchocehian doce iwo fioe tebiteos dme ranr ei etjarne

gtp yto vdp tuebafleianf ewhich gr ot cfr

xmap215

clasp or eb1

COlcimid is goin o tpevne mcutbesl sasmebly

mciteua smebaflewaf

mieoaf sositneo afioearenowaf ioe eht eodme aislemfe ariea

diowe

kien 12

kaiteniant

set

druaf ohfico in low o aore iog to preveiote hstmea tozl if oeme adisl efbely osi tos ionfo em pha seteoafjoiew aiofe awl

nfeafoe afioe waofhewafo etio fioe ucl riefeo awjjfioewa fioe athea rfoiewnafo eaofnew aof ewafetet efioaw feht elt eoa fioe f

cbdksl fioew afioewafoi eawtemiofoew rpeta fneit eifjewo feoiwf eor oefifow f

kfeinw katien ta

eb1clap

map2 and tau

maps piorenoa \

soo mcitbeua gieonwa co rioe are hte bsal cbeos cnoetoand psineld peoral r

a bc

a 13 b 10 c 10

asla bdoie so eiowanf ma odu eo nine ste of trplest and aroefieonwaf oafinfealf

axoneme ta tisotne onine

theyw athewa fi the reaot eoar froifeo afoie waifoewa foewaof eowafewiabfurels oubel and teher othe rieiao fioe teh toehe ajd emcireula dn the ri slienrke pref ioeoafioaiofej

soif peosles

lolololl

ydne

socneiot ros oie arioengo e the afieo eabn he fcoineor mtix or ematter

tehico eiosl iona foe wifothrip and toeua id oteparnainitl matter. featis iconero esm

their si sthir dubflewaife ai gamma urebalina fhtsi sogno feafi oeawfi oeajiof aewoafe ioateha iowncioe afeanfieo afiew aifo iotfe taof laso feha fewanfuelar ioe afetmicutesl inf pewaf epocmoie

feioafeoi foi fioe aof ewaoifnewioafj

teh mfoe tioeafioeafioewal nd fopeaifo ewaoi ‘

itie shte othef oeiwaof eionfeiowa fpeanc ej and feonte oatienfrueltieonat

so rjeiao fioethe amgeiao ieoiwa fieowa fnfieowa fie arp /3bfeiaw fceiao 2/

gmaeuf uewaf oewajfo ewfeiowanf 2fjeiowafeiw afioewa foe awfepfiowaf eoaroaifo if eiofe the citoe tsitn eioaf ewaof eoa teh msi fena feanchoe if eoa teh aoc thsi sife o afeitoe int ocineo rse

feoafioew afio eioaf ehte afioe fie waifeow afie athe fioewafio ewafioew fioew afioe aiof ewioaf eiowthe rfeiaf oewf ieow fie fioe ti iofejowfntuef fifjoiew fewfjieafioe fewufwo1 aic tcnoer ms

G1 phase w efahveojfe waofejf ewaiof ewoif egmoetha dntue wao

so fie afioew

ifeafioe iof ewaiof ewio feiow fiewoaf eiowa feiowa fieow fiew tiowfie ifew ot eife fefew

hwr ei huc iefoaw foe aocluf affjeioa feio afef oeaf ioew heo i or eoc oe their aio feafoe aioof otnaodl ornof neo d

so eh reiow ao scioe aiofenwoaf ewono ewhe fiowanfeo athey go teou foa. smeuof enate it siotneow afht en tieone onf oe ot eoc orneo or oncio oi ro do for the cmirbeuts ro ionw fonwaf ether eithe cilellha s couteo mfehnac

they also plac e acneiots n teh muld nfe w

in the ege and syat eht it wia sointe itnhe mcusl and theuwa relain te itbesl anreogut otm ove otenoc e

thsi sigmigh tbef

so ther eiwo aio cioerfijeowa f

ther eao teuaw tfoewafetehcnitoe aifuentieowa tekwatew ifocjeoifa eiow fioew aiof ewoitehat ieofneiw fieow fioewjtiofew fioejwiofjeiowjfioejwifoejwiofjeowjfioewjfiejwiofjewiojeiowjfioewjfioewjfioejwjfieowafjeioowioewjfiew

itne wiao fh teicl fnieo foi ewthe rfueofnie wwos ifne woaif ehteicnor eio tahe tpa oal bie nafieo aifo eoiwarfow

fmeowaofie wafoie waiofioew fioewa fewjmap nfeiofewifeoiw

motro priereio for minue to plus to ciarle the cveisl ifhte re arneo tnoermo epreio dhta reogin ogt idifuf ehtrougth difioenwa owuedl algoe

itneri oawehfoew afe watrialt emist ne ofe wiaf ewiofjeiowf ioew fiewfspinfew oofewa

kinesis r eoign ot eh fpewafje waufe idonre

MTIEOA MFEO REUTBEUSL ARE NEEDE DO TEBUIELA FUEWAOFNIE OAMTIEA HTE MSUCO EFPA TFUE SIT EHCORMEOUER TEOF OWTOA HTE PSOSITE SPIENFE PWAOEL SO THE CEREPR O CIEF HATEO OT CHOR OISEJEIO HCD IOFEIOWNFE

s tekeisnis ine Kinesis

keatien

kinsine 12

kiensi othere aretew

keinsi ar ethere are tyewp tyep of ekisnesi

ter ea tyep tuesp of emoe rkesint hta are plsu endin direciot emot othat mov eowa dhte de ego eh clel and theiofena fioewago e

So sincoelg idmienwa tmteu

ao mionfeoa ena etlaonge the aoriengo oevoelt oeahc an mewak pe rio pteon nrueonar eing eht eifnei cionte ainiao feiawo fwioeoe ther omtei ehte siroeno tehreprioe ov eoto vidif erne o reo osifionfe oa roeing

axonar eexrmeltey logn, and cmiesio arent hat long os what

aoxna r eeiorf aogn adientaw fhet alog so whta hapepns it ht inf eioaf we arioeng ov ler ana dmake tieonw fneioafe wioaf eiowfieowja

the viesl inw hci tehs rpewair foeinfoe mvo eoarud to goem oa difienteio so fifienrie ar oeiagno t ve a

an exoirem ivnoeld witha gina suw cyrs it itll cher suia hfe ceaofiew afioew afioejiowafjeoiwjfoiewjiofejwoifjeoiwafiejwaifewafewafewafewfewfewa

nrelruse roifne oafmust eofmr othe bodt eo teh tp ofp eha fiold erbe trioa baks o shtear eiogno sot ate micnitesl s’exmjeoruinfhs owe inejcted with fusne s and i think

raido acit ieainio ancdi oand we sayt ht diienfei reioat oe fhte vesicl eand we sayt hemoteo roino havienif reat and seepd. ‘‘bailin anoc paro t so we took suiq aocn ouis out the amteial and we saw hte cyroeapsl sutff he mtirbuela nd viesl tha taoriengo tbe moving aroeunfd

axon ar ebeoal lgo amcibtesl arent hat laogn so what hapepns it ehfeioawf ioa gioe overl alwith eoiach adk a roatyw prieotn ineurosn aremad ein cytpals o ht eii u woeire oriaod camin otheyglr ino tnwel

Elemcitr ho viuesl pshvyal attach to msucbteuls viesl can lvontelen and thewoin bite 13 proteksl n eoneo n

okeie rbot o tie

aoxen ar eoangelat flowange

exairoe invoiel agiand uiw neruo curis gi tl the scle uiq hte clel rbus asn o the ycotalsi oig o ocyz oeinfe a

vuesl ptryaula ot ahte mcitbeafle afbtu they donte vro siwthe aocht ebcua shtye areoig ot walk on oen of hte thrit rproielfemst

lol

so fi w oefioe wteyat pe

vuesl phywl ote omcutbeual cna oveia laogne one the 12 mcitbeul o

so if wo eiroe teprfi aprieot adda av ieslc

so if we were to pfuyt a preiotne, add viesl atp othgi iwll vmoe if uwe ad hte

so iwe do veisl atp and
w eid viesl the atp fejiwfkewp ewa os if woe bfeio he poafnewa fjeofieno mvoe oe ajwot

if we rioe toi nonhcurel aatp notne reno mve rfehuofawjfioe athe aofine oaf emo

os iw eifonew invio so i efwi ofiow ot ehtfeuiuijio veiow fioe wfioewaoif iowea fioewa toteogine h

lie let s sya thew mcubteual fearfeiawfe waofjw feiow te iwht et a dreioa eathe oawfeo afwalkf eafioeawjoieaw j fo cjihte abfeuoat e

so i fwio eriof ehte pfuewa fpreioadd viesl at ntohgei wil vo e

s we need atp that igriaof ean

so non haflea ot ano mvoe no mo ote pfoein eomovnet

most keins e kine s aeidm ethe re areognothav etwo mtro hea d acoiedl coail adn a cargobdingi tial

most o ft er aioemr eothey ahve two mo foe aso hea vte and tewo eial ofme ow fiewof eoar eiom they two mo and a coidl coil

tow eha d acoiel coield

a linke nedck

twp eha d iknrel thesltk a

so teha dhfe afbeawotf eaiof eany teoat hte

the atebinto t othet oa teh lgith cina the hea doreno ghelci b hse tlsit eacint tbu tnoet aiocn

mos tekien a eioanfo ef the hea d a coiel. anc abteondign tieal

mienfe ar oeinag ot ebe idm refr aocif coifc tow hea hte al and lienek erhen

tail coicl link head tial lcocl ink head theye ra idme r

the tial is ogingo. tocbtieoa of hte tei tiel aigehn adher aoign this make smperoe mteyso anien s ieona ebut they divie roelteio for rimodirl mteor s theus reisitna\sot eha diofeo abfidn atp and n tieal tbeidn the apfie aof

myfoew afeaifen convrege dform a primdorial mot ore priemfo eoe ote oir s

os theksein re ogin ot be diem rkeinsi re aoirfen dimer kseins i areoin keisnsin areioa fioe afbea peirs and hes eiorae o

linke nck

jhteio afo ifeiowa fhea veo tan rmeins and ital athe c teoiafioe tejrafo ioro iounvio oe kisen s aroeng oha. dhte c and or mdidl eof iteoin odnt oeoitr kiens is

lsifnea the ocingeio is hneote ani foneo ahte ahe iete

kinsi. aoreno two tha vo twep theyao srieonociofioe n hea dn htuvno ehte had osio ethe slo leik eins i13

aond theyre not ogingv ot tnroat rpaos leienrf o23 i soingo teb e disiamebel porelerm

kinie s13 is oigno gbe a dpeorlauermizer

os ekien is not uslay on tgey cna fold intoa na incito vnioe ocmitro utposn ignl they uncofl bdin carbg and enga icbtue ad ieonf eoamofe re

keinr snore anrela on they fold inaoc itoaio iw fins theuy fiena bidn ca rne gneoia fmitbeul nd beigtem eo

kiefne aof eiowa fioeawnfioe wafioewafjioeaw fioeawjfoiea wfioewafeawfeawfewfjeowfjeoiwfjoieawjio

kinfawi feiwaf eiowa fiewf eiwajfoeiw ateioafoe awfieojfioea

arfeinoarjfeiow afket eoaw ekien 1 ie wosfioeaw foie afkinfieoa feo

kini

kienis is. apsue end ieidcotne wlakigno snonpreioa an hte step is 8nm whi ci hte one idme rstep kifnei walkw slogne on ptoriflemtne

kefinsi s iongo twlak ogn elon 8nm

ifni soiewaiof eowia fifewa9fe a9wf ewaiofewlwka songe pfiofr ioa is ieiwao fieow fiw o te8nmm on idmern o ht epfieltne soi its liks as t etjeioafeof

\the mi epreoiceo sone ha dlywa so the ot eor od flel

kidne i speudl wlak ogne ofneo f8nm na di toi tebe idne eiaf eo eidmr eand its the aodno eno on os that i goesnooflal

ov eof or adt p ionfo cha ige he jio it ah ale adn teual os oen head bdi to athteioa nekc ocnfof ritehdo onto the head thi trhow sht eheo foe an dhe oter hea dof eio afnorls iwt the pwiero of ine oifo ethe oteha nd

ALUT EGO TOAKWNO IS THE AWHEN ATP I SOIGN OTHE EKC BODUSMA THE CIOEMA n ahf aisiknoe aoavial to ethrow the lading hea trialgin eha ofowoas. tief ioa fea fieoaw fethe hte a

atoe i fne do teo chagneo fwhe atp bdint o teh elading the nekc bidna dn it docks otno teh ehad nt rhwo ht otehr hea ofrowa nd the roels iwt foc

sh eaono. fht eneural are oging o tbe eally long thisena sat tha ticurbutel wont ba ebal toe reah all the way so wha ti sodi eisntea idis i thati steaks

axons re aexreemly long andcmirbuesl tat

wec nattach

so the swui eoxi rew sused to suiq viisizle

so another thing that w sawis that we add adtp veislc ena cmirbutlt ntohgon happens ucz ther ie sno tmoe roenohtignv bufe ait needs hyrloizalat in order o tmovoe

So the way they mvoe is that kinesins are doing og o tbe dimer s

it ahs two heads tail enck an coiled coi the encks id goin

the tialsi going to attahc ot the caro an when it is atp formthe head is giong to

So it binds ot hte neck the atp ho wkineisis are going to mvoe

so the leading head in the ncueltodie is free state is strongly goubd t the kcibrutel wher ehte tiralig head is adp weakly boudn again s the leading hea din the nucelt ie

agian the so eladin ghea din the cnuelsotid i strongly boudn to the micrubtul the trialing head i swek a

the trialign head binds to and remisn strong

thje neck si going ot be bound ot the leadint ao atp inc

bindi atp is oging to ince a coniroemaito change tht is going ot make hte linker win orwa dna doc into the head the motiong swithcs

so whewn the atp is going to bind it causes the linker ot swing foreward and doc into the head, the metion swing ht ofrmign trialing thea cfowoign to the leaidg

so when atp binds hte enck is going to dogck and twisng wbe trialign bac, sno nowadp i sbufelaous and atp can realse

thr eialig hdrylzoies to atp into adp and poagian most keineis ae rdimer stheyare eogingo to have the mtoro the coiled coidl teha rbgo dbidn teh ehads oto the mcituesl hyralzo atp

the pi is rleal apd

t iela bidn tonaoehr tiral te

keinsi have hte ntemirne s ctienri and theyaboit o eotrmaotr pvoiethes e areoing ot o be the ones that are calle ocnientol but hte ivnoetn oal ones are going to be lie kineisine 13 that is going to be the deisasbel. teseunviowal htey ca nhave hte n temrinsu somethweirne else and t

so yeah keinsi s is a plus end direct walkisong along on protielfmaen and tehn the stpe is 8nm ecatly liek the one ab/tubulig dimer the movmenet is processivne on head always boudno the moteor donte fall og the idffernetmoteor usign diffenre

so keinsi sare a plsu endirieonc wals alongone proifelmet and this si 8nm the keinsis are going to walk on 8nm. this is liek the one a’b tubulin dimer. the movemnt is processie one the head is always ooudnto he moteo rdoenst fall off. differne tmjotors use diffenreprorifelmtnes. movment becomes

coems from atp drivie ofnroamtal change int heneck

so it head hte leadin eha d

so when so the atp is oging ot beind to the elaidng head at hrealck changec enckf sand hte hte trialign head fowrds. the pweor strog oc one hea dcome th other head fowor dififeinre atp state fored to head

so keinis sin arent alwya sone they can be inthe iancitve form and this is going to not owrk ana the wi ha. singal they can change omiaotn or unfold.

optial tracp to mesure step size - myosins are it turns out the step size is8 nm. which s

8nm is. thelengh of one tubeuling dimer

so what htese thingsdo is that theyg on ont

one head is always boudn so that htey dont fall off the voem to fhte kine the head neck

so it i shte apt hyfeoia zi thea ti soging o to perow tejfow hrew foens throw tht other hea do ow

the neck can iehte ed

so if there is no atp the ehad

kienisins are reuglatled they fodl up into an incianc formioan and hten. at hte right tm

so the priemarepu role in intei rnphas ei sot move bveiscl so thweretnehe need

euca isn intierpahse they are going ot be using the mcitbuesl roadways. so kineisi areoing ot obe in inteprhease mjovint egeisl there ar eis that are psizled for mitsois that cn bind cibtuesl and pus the cirutels past eacother . the slding the psindle poels paprti is going ot helps site rhcomts

so the ri s

so in itnerpahs ekienis sar eogino. twlmov estuff

in. mtisosi i ti sioging ot slide the mcituesl to pull them apa prt and he;p wpwtihte spinle poesl

Kinesins 13 is going to induce curvate in profielmts and faictlaite dpeolyermisizeiton

there is going ot be families

otra coas a a

onteo rteins itjs that keinsi and mosin are oign go be similar gby dynein is going to b e different they ar egoingo be part of hte aaaa atpase fmaily.

aatpase aosicw iht amy acitivies

kiensis in ar editsl related ot myson head

so there are thre idmsina of liek the aciao ar eauea these atep aiare in all and theya ll cma from lucs

again so bascially dyenisn are ogindo teb dieonslyre alte d and all three domains of life are going to have this and

lcua is hte kas tuebufeo common anesotyr

so aaa tapse is oging fo rm a hexamer it has 6 domains ihtt is codd in only long pepdie

soemtsiems they can e ecoidn oin onel long pepetol or osmeithi in six difienfre gen s. so dyeinre are going to tbe aatapse

so an exanpel of aaatapse becua e4 aaa tpase are going oteb be threadings. so wha the pol ubuiqnat is oging o t maker o frpoin that needed ot ebe degraded and the cfap so fothe proei aer goign to reion and then thera

the proesteoms are going th thread hte ens into the cap and they are going to intiat ufnicol so the are aminco acisn that are goingot od the dpe

aatpats ear eoigng o hav e

atpas ethr ethe uniqu proeintieto the cnetal wher eegeaion is

so teh vap is an aaatapse fmaily meerbe.

anoter one is a dna helcize that is going to seprapt ehte doubels trand iento tow o strina the helcia se get onto one strand move downt eh dna so tsis threading the dna throguht

os the polu u the proetosm hte helcia se ehliase ar etoint ot attahc to eon strand movge hte dna do w so it thes it thrgouht

katkainis going o tbe aatapse -

Stpatin is i

Staitin is going ot

SPASTIn is going to be lsoely related to katianin ispasti in gingo. t o an aaat paise

so it stpins ins oingot odoc onto the sid eof our mcibtuesl grab oant the c termebail trial and threa di tthrgouth the cntla. apar e to enua eh tuebeulin

Again so spastiis gong tot ograb onoto the

SPAStin is going ot be sinislar ot katianin and its oing o tbra onto e tmeil and theoghe itiy hte aa proe and dneaure it

It gras ont oth eial and dnatuers it spastin is going ot be lkatia it is going ot o abfiowan onto the c tmeinsu tial and neaute it

spastin is oging ot be liek katianin ti soign go tbea fpoafno te c temris tial and dneaute rit so we go tht eproeotes, the lciw , spastin liek aktitn and theni tis oignog oewaci tmeirenus tal denature it .

fspiat is ognog tbe

difie famifelh fmem rebovle to tthrea

if u have a ur dna pol

anoterh thinsis hte polyermse dna polyermsi ie soing ot make dna but hte thing i sthat it si so fast aht it si goign to jkeepflaing off and ristin so we add a clmpa to keep the poluyerm orunv so it fcan bind fast but the clapm isint the aaa tapse it si going ot be the laod thear is oging to hav e 5 domain and atp oepnsi t a dn its igoingt o pase thedna troguh it and let go.

so the clamplaod i

so thte clamp laod eri is oging ot use atp and herylzie to tmake comfrioatn change hte ptuj the dna throghte clamp and then it si goign to realse

threing i proitne i

in preoitn

infpeoms thre fo rdegradi sptia si slao disalenly ehclsi hs igongo oepna ht eclamps laodi eor ot oopnea anse the

so dienti san aatapse it has three part htehead stem and stalk the the is the aatpase

the head is tha aatpse ptr hte stem and the stakl the stem bidn teh barjd aht estlak dobidn ot the mcitbuesl rmeebr tha tht estlka does the walk

hte ha dbidn aaaatpase, the stem is going to bind to car gan dhte stk is going to m

mso to fhtem are dimres.

stem stlak

so the dyenisn are oignot be attap se the eha dhte stalk is the mcibteusl part hat is walking and the tem si going oattha h bro

msot o fhte m are diemr sthe clasing ones need tow be dimerien to walks they need two hadn to walk

the ste im is the idmeriziaotn reiogn and bdingi n adiot ptoeitn that cna hel i tattahc to wahte vht ecarog is. the stemis i teh dimiero rieong adbin

so the stemis the diemriao rieong and bidns atoein fe

so the dyeins. areoingot be mad eof rmo one gian trnaicpt the dhein a reiogn ot be mad eofmr one igan trancipt the dien ar eoing tbe mad eof rone giant stiaosppt is ogingo tb eo te stud tha ti soging ot be dneuta bute hs ite aogneoia c tual s

it slei ktatianin

hwo doesi t walk peope wasocmrpea the bfea wht i ocm oar eh tepro so toe aps eotpf wpoer ew

peope use lelconr msicp tien order ot ocmpew rht epre and hte psot pwoer stroke

pso eproe ar eoitnog omcoep rahte elcintr mcsipr and comarpe the pre and the pstor ocntoram to look ath form usign

u make make apt p wich ahs pahote d umaek the vioer tha sva

s rieoaneio. w oeingo to u eatp anlagoy that acnanohryleoafn adp canga that micmis atp vandante is oitno g o eplthe inforant phopat and the motoe cannote cleav o of his oginto tor op it in the propwoer storngo fmrioan

so tehy are ogingo ot use apt cangda the is goingot trap it in the prepwoer strock

u add nvaeif oat ehe nds isnteo fhe tphtophea os the mogr ocnat hyl and it it sogigo tbe tsult in the prepwoere

bak to is so what they did is that htey looking ath teh wo ocnormaioten ocmpareisio iwth the vnadna te and with the sutid ahh noncueltoid e

so the iamgeins ar eoigngo tbary and we colel throusna do paritla nad averhtem tehm to e tht eman pre and pwo pweor sorl

when du thsi it si showne that i ti sogngo to vmoe 8nm. the lenghte o fonoalae betualin ti wlaks downt

so the reasong if uw ant ot mvoe the viels cu cant sut bra the mermbreit i tis oignt o steh ut so we ar eoigng o th[ut a shell aroudnt eh visl so that hte visl mwov ea as a whoel so parto of the throu of hte hselli iankrhying and epcitrinthis wa shwt amd eht reoblooc elsuishsly the so teh winlnew iotru fso we go tdyenina nd acdyacit that is goingto thebeusitne otmeov hte ivesl beuca htey cant idirelay atot ahc teputela so the dena ctincoit o fh anrkna dnspectrin

ankreyaind and speicint anfeuaina nd psiecn

dmeis si goingo tbe the stuff fo rhte muscl map 1 i dneir yat is frof hte sutpdi ahh

aoxn stha toariengo to bidn otuso mepa ht atkap bdinto the osut efo rthe map

the assmebly it is eb1 clasp xmap215 and for hte diaon it i gingot he spec

kinsin 13 - katianing

moteor s keisnsin anddyien

atpa s e

so teh dyancitna re ogingot be ankrying and spectrin

so rmejret aht dyacitn is going otbe inciel ankryina nd spectrin

syetn diaonc and comapth

what is ismrial to the ar2/ tha tis oigno tbe gam tubulin compel

okei so have othe rpoiern that inviled inthe peorocess speicly protein we ant is the NDUe and LIS1 that modily proiity psov i i stba titlityt to do eomteirn liek wlakin donw amcireutl iwhtout walign it smo eoifie u dont

ndue and and lis1 is onog motenote pocsiisly the piebfel i dioneow alaod htey mgith fiall of hti fi the laod is hea vit is ogivnot tofaoll off the preueisn neud enad lsi is liek e aearssmt ewe gont othrohg . whe theya re ogin ot teyncf athey wil mov slowe rbut he can ehaif ehea veloa ihwt oit flowofi ofa nd so it bal like wifn when ignp athe up foigo ahce a

if. make a mutait in lis 1 u end up with rai peonsl

so lis and ndue is goingo tbe cuals make i storing but lsoer . so li1 on mtuaotn areo ginot lea dto braind ieciotfn

the du fnca thand the loa d, the riaot disnacit lsong . and os then w eotn bring the matierl to the brian and we get smooth brain.

s triackif the viels so er is going ot be neiot te ncuerlaivoe and thec oem mer to the oglid ofrm oen cyst ot he ne tenodsm ena dothea leur all thes ognaio and al viels we rmvoe dby mother whet i t dueaoiofneoi f

so tis sibatou 45

so tw ehave 45 gne eo frhkeina dn 16 fo rbduina dnw hathapepns it hat we are ogingo tfign to frht emidle te

the voe tracers difienreio ieonco. fa clel usign eleicnro mcitp the bottom line i tha oru clelar eful of htsis tuff andwe need to have di fbagelels to neior di .

so renoe hte spekcitn and

Specitrn and ankryign is goingo thelp witht he sbtaling hte memrban NUDE and LIS 1 is ognot heleo withte h

our clel sar eufl fo stuff and wh vahe ifieor ogineail to diofena iioe woudltne sie oif we have a hgie dnei i

sot ehre a re aniaml th cna chang eoclor liek fish cna chang eht epigemtne and sitbrutio on some of hteir csl and hteyd o this

by inocmrioa gein

into the veislc

so fish are gvoing ot infromation pimgenation oo their cale s

ougment cells - contains brighty colore dpiement paritcle which they puls einwaord and outward over a riadl skteol. their aicity sintnos psed up and diverio fo peigment is reeiguetl.

when teh cthes eigemtne cells puls eothethy they cnag e

so tekeintfeoaw are ogingo thave the inner and hteotuer aler te inner lays iogng ot bidnto ehte coneomand the otuer alie tot he tepsinfl beoel

ehr ear etwo thr eties tkmoctue in mitois shte ire sht ekeine othe as

oh therear te kinetis, the artol,a n poarls,

but htere tesp the

so ther ea reot wmovmetn around anaphse the rei shte befo renapans ehthcoemfoa mo owri the middle af tenapa n the iseit ehomridi sirpe a

nanf pash is itn iteh middl eof miteo feprieo ot anod theyer ar eint hte middll and af tehe rphow do mciutepeopralyat ttah tot he two sisit ehfcorme lets i am a psiel

so mcirubtuesl; mthese ar eoging ot be strasw shaped liek theyd. aroeingo gobe mad eout of tuem dand htey ar eoidnog have apa ad he albfult and the beta is oigng ot be the onet hat is goingo thdyre awthe gtp to gdp and another thnsi s that they are going to be steayd satter eadoin aos whhow it goies is tha tisncei ti s a steya dyd seuqiland not euiqlefbieay cbeua cis i stus e gtp that the plsu ends are going ot be lwo and meons ane sioanro ie tobe high coeniotrnaons so the ug

gtp utbulis oigng ot be added at theplus ends gtp dhreywalzed to gedp af tenromeonreo added ot polyer can onlt echanf gdp for gtp only af termoenroems renareialfr fron gtpolumer

so the plsu ends i swher eht idmer a reoing ot be added so i

hw it goes thso thdimer a reoingo tme proiflena f13 o fhteso emak e amcirbutels .

mcibniesl a eriong ot be in psindle poles, cnetorosm and incicloia nd flaggelum

cneoms ar eoignog the abbthte mifsnu anefjeiofa n ht eplsu ends aoirne fo ethe oriwn oe na dthe nowt b ut all isnc eht emisnue dnds afieoanw o the micitubuel afinewiajfeif and tis fefefeekafenaiso the plsen dis oging ot grow and shrkign.

so when mtitis is happens the minfioaniisoingo rbale and sl he mciruel so tientiein teh rwidoife wiafne and dmtiis sw erjfjsjkjjk

ding emfiewa rieal gw ge3 sna dm pahs e

the g1 and the g2. areong o tbe tpahs ang ehteow an fhey s and m fiewof t si sioign doand mis gironw os sin teoa flfies theuya reo ging smauqicly make mor and hta ti sgo es it ehwo dow eo fieawl so alpaha db et a are 40 % simialr an dpalnd an anaim a er70% iismiewla

so the dime ri soginao t e

so as i tireahc eth enuermfo efmeila nad the lengi so incireals efhi is clal edbnyafnmeiwanbfewa i

so the plsu cap is going to keep in tin a. striagh comsofieonwa dnwhen ti lsloe dhte gpa it iwl be idn gpd so the re aremicuea isp fetjeaon oin sna htis sigoin ot help i

and osmehting it is

somtehting it idoe si that i sit osign go tbasically bign a dhte be is iofno fa and htsi si going to b ut only in the gtp form a th plsuane dn

katinign tha is going ot baisally cu tin the middl ena dhten botht disi eareingo to sial feaofe

maps bcidn

so if we were to phostyela the tau thsi si going to lead to diaorenaiizna dn thi si going ot caus alzuheira dnote

therye

oh il for that map2 an dtua are also mdoualr ebidngin proeitne sn a

anotehri thtings i sht we cna phreotyalte the wsutpdi adhh maps in ro de rot urno n e o ro fff

so the cueri oinc isccoclchiem is n low oneito hwen its use fiefi iogig ot prehnv et amsmebnly pisnl so then in m pahs elie and weh

so in gout if u have cout wwe can use lweo cineto to stp and reud eht eysmpt os o fthis and we cna ue staoxin to blco tieoaf eio fien

mos anfe ifnue fehoty ncdkss

okei topic 10

so mcitbeg orfinoa ocnero aroeing nceot mbasl abodi esn theya reoalso going ot be psinl foels so durin the celryhe aidnf eiaoind thw hte wpisn aore oin tbeoce ofmr they mito eaopsid int eirhe mciutbeusl

os mcibtuesl rongia c n re ar eht ehals bdoies, cneot sna dht esinel durin the cell cytel h focneos is dupela nt ehpsindpoesl a re ofrme dhtey mgriat ot osospit eisd oe the clel sin tiner hte mel

duiren the cell cytel hte oceosm is duepla dn tehpcil peso ar eformhte mfietieap tospsid oe tht clel int itneprahs the mgirbtusel raid iin all the dirieo btu in m pahs ethey are ogingo to radiat outwa and groano teh cehojm

so urinte h cyel cutle hd om is udrplaic atdn the tow psidnopoesl ar eofm htey mgirato to oppis deisd oe the cell its itnerpahs the mcibest raidt in all dirieonc but in m pahse htey are goig to raid te outwor dbut triabbing otn thechoms os cneotna ndpsienl poels are all the sm atehign

stna idnte hav e

SOOOO stnadn mcibteusl are goirn to bvew 13 prointe the orniagn cents

mcinteus thems eera ar eoging o teb 13 proite abtue ogneioanc ente a reoging ot hav emirbeut tha fovmr iehte doubelt or pteils so. aisngel mcite i soign g bte 13 protiel and the ocntiean cnt er aroeing ot hav emitl that either are doubelt so ritrplest. the oudbelt is ogig pt hav e ana db 13 and 10 and hten c is going ot be[1

sntimfoi mcite al reiaonf ot eb 13 proitel athe ognei cnt eiaof ot ehvtie ttiethe rofrm odubtsl to rptiels the dobtel s areoing othave ana db a has 13 an db aha dhten c ahs 10 ao bsle b odies o aoeirngo tmebe amfeout o fturpels ta dhten teh acne si going b4e ad oeut ot oduberls so the absl bodies aore iogng ot be naieofa ioef the sy ]

so sonoem sna pdisbo poels a rell the se thign stnadjmcibtuesl ar eoign ot hav e1 pifeof and the onc ie rioa feioa mfute tha t ar eieth er i doubtsk or oiet the stne dn fneiatl tha tgor oa rehte odubteo t

so teh bals bpodi going ot set nin set o hf tirp ald nt here are goingo t be prieont tha tar eoging oatrantg ehtem in this shap th abxome i shte nakme of thsi stiruc that sitkc out the basl bodie stueua repognpt eb doiubel the in teha rie oigtn ther ather a i oging ot be a pari of itenicl in the cnet er these are goingv ot be sturucrla the plsu end sare going otbe at hte itp of lt he ci sis the int eh cbalssolonteltye abslobdoei esotigo o be having he tthe anoismig oeineo afl

duyeirni a reio

so tehr e are mtoro rpeosin that ar eoigntog attahc ot one sid eo fht edoubeladnt he other le g or arm si going ot sitkc out to the other si dena hta tht ofrm is oging ot ocaus ethe so slbtu ther a relinekr protien in the mdidle that is going ot prpven tehf rom fbnorm moid so ti tis ogingot gene ra liek a siwng liek tmo4toeions that is going ot caus wthw ave.they attach spieclt o thte a tubtule so the motoer in thabsl bdoesi. areoign og spiecilf find t the a tubtuel

beuca pa rtio fht ei is co fei tmetioain i oign ogfioe wa

cneosrm ar eogn othave cneiotl and tehcneto ar eoigvno t bea nin pari so fdoubrsl they ar eosurne tget eparnai oge

so the re are conetoslm - si d poles

so ther e ar eocneosm - the soneof a reoign ot be mad eout o fhte cineiosla nd tehreh coin oa roeing but nin set so tripsl ad teh is going otbe parneouel
hwen it comes o trepoalci toe

reiaplt eia fi the cnetoisl what hapepns and makig the spibl fpoesl is tha tthe gam atub ulin is oging ot intia t the gam

the motehr has na. expier ana dna nt hat is going otinati the parienociot gnain ahte stat or hte gama gubtli cm esthais oting oncuelaut aos hwa thapepns is tha tthe motehr si

ti tstwaks two scuyle sin or od eor fo rthe cneitoilt o be fully amtuer and for tit tot be fully rpelociatoed rmeoi that hte bceiorl aren og toiognt o tidnetla nd theya re ngo togign ot the pe

but theya re oging ot be peiran dnthea tht emotor oberin iteh basla body is going ot b id tot hte a tubuling

gmam agbutbus si anothe utbul of htep this osina diding biat to sthiebil u anu citensl gam ais par to ht ehc am

Gamma tubtu gam atub tic si going ot capand anhro the cmisnus end sghais parit

s the gma ag utl aomc is oging ot ncuela na htsisi goign cap and chor ethe msinue dn dsat this is going to be intiated b yt thye mjoteorht cnetio9isl

rmej thta tht eocmep is. clal t gmama tuebtuelin tuc comepls x teh is igo gin teb aroud thte coitrsl sbut nto kisi tnot par to fhte cneiots nt pa rto fhte ncoeitnsl s kesy ptis 1 qclel cytl eto form a fullya tmei cnheiotsol cn eti so a reoigvn to n urela f orm ato fo the duagth tnceitslisl cnde toikl bcan from denovo if esute. st so lie lt scsya that we dotn ahve the centoisl. so le ts way that w edont ahve the cnetoisls that a reigi w de donte nened the old nceoitsl. in or d oeto form the new ones.

rem ethg at th a arp2/3 compesl is int eh aciotn ies isktaul tot eh teubtuelife ap the ao cospls

so thts i gmam arinc tuc is ntoiog be rnea the pc and u tis simiarl to arp 2/e and its goingo tnel the mcitbes cap the msinsu anchroe cmituebultheya eno e xirneo. fhte mci lin the c teha pis oging the cne pit gha mapg sl oteh cmitbeiaor enarie aio tenfe

oh i forgt that i snt eh is is wer teu repalcoia n d then in the m is whr ehtey ar eoign got fully relal se

so teitn eh g1 pahs we. areoing to stra tiwtu tou ciel we on ahv eon twllctew o fe is the the maek te

so we odnt ened teo fienai n eto of it the jeins uend so teb ethe ones tha ta reoign to reiab el

\so mcfitbeus can sle fonei awiwthotue cneotil or snt hte is mathcht tha couf dna cobtrol dupelai cfna da old nceoitsl are not fomrin new one snceoitsl ar epvidinet sutruc t

to rher wa sn aei ehwe rhtye took a cneotsm and hten placi tin ta bco and hte pleir cna dht es the cbe to is going to teb in teh midila dn this has tow psot e

s 0athwa ppei si that the centisl are going ot

soit cn aithe be that the he areoig otbe cpa nd the y can tor and hte ocnet iso or hta tthey contie to tbreo ahdnteh whag riwo a the ensi. going otopsu it havbks pruf ifneho - y tul in gtrncoiesfo toegc eto no mtoe roceitn msuc ba peorpe mcitbsul ro pshcudla what is the orl o fht emicbteusl sketuto edo esthe oiefna nad prieo o fhte mjciteusl gie yh and ydi eas

so cmc ans le wutocul smcibteusl roe

i a tyoci aclel the mcitbe can gor wht elgbnte to fute cil i aeuron i canna spnt hta tdiswnt so mcitebskeitl is goingy tact a s amap the mjsine ends are a the cnet ahd plsu te dwheh csioe

so theys i gekiensi sina ndyeint hat oairen og out hte viesl and thent if osme this is tnhe themidle ti si gvoignp te abel to toifhte heaochte untulthe7 reua tha thappe meid so the veisl cjmeo al loant he mcibteu mot otproien run form misnu to plus to cary the visl is fhte no mot eor ptie theyr eoign oout if hte is no mot oerey aoreing ot irf idsu out spltui fthe is nto mtoe orthey aoirnf tidiefue gyt ena dgtis is al ogn tiem si tnoe and tneorhe dyanti enisbtal is going ot allwo su toe buidlteh cmiet bte rienf and teh ehwe roianfe odjei rate ones that a rweng eobteing ebgudil tin the rihg tbe

so int ein pha swthe mfcibea re akmibntlyt her ei ot be road na the in isit hte mcibtei ar eneedett obul dai finsla mjitispinf the msifne mciap tus termpul the otwo aoppsti poesl os the clel ruspeo fcormmoapoig cdks pofena fiema fe

os the re ar etewp otyep s omot oejmtpei in kien si smisnte

so eisns i ar eoign ot hea vtow yteps of meo. topefawnf ther si areoig o tbe teh voiitofe aht at oaigon yo to at eh coa. gand hte ivue at hat arneo to giong o thc ata dn isnt eia frr eht eure to dstro

tyer pe ar etow ytep o f tmeit ksien s and hte i siogn goyda hta t aroieg ogtbe ea tht emisnue dns and dir emco etowoa rdh tenc so icne i

s otehr ea reia two ytwp if ckisens i the rwo a re tyw po fe akiens is mtoo rt wht eot ei ksien oa fhnaonco a re

so mcite alr eiogn ogt ovler amnd ma pt proietn ine neural

we nca

the re are idifierne neruso iw mtoot eor oatie iwthg difiern aroe ato emov etw wiel wil se eht athe vi whci thes perioat io gio tgn afe

auxaib outie asub teh ncutbea bfr tge atkidk tghe mciuubteuak abf rietf eiw tba ibt iei ci regac ithger

teh rew as eurbe dibe wger ew eucb et riaoid oanitbodi stis going o tgre ahte move othf the sutpdi ao o mtoe toepreisnt

s nanto eanif ohwi wehr ifeiwowajfo the mjap with athe more by takign uiq and na fnt ehs iteonaf n fna feoawf ewafjwiof ewala tof the ocnoten s ar eoing og rela lsena dntis igongo to caus the mtoi roena dna rfhet mciteult epo be relals eos thatne wehns hwe see tsh at. shwen we r take out wht epsife and wle itnei athe ocfand the ri not emovneo and apt but

cu sht eifna is ogtingotocnotiew the tmoero and if iwe wefre to add all but hte atp thenor mak itunfeale yd apt o fthen hw tai soigno t happens i tha tit is ogingoyteb get suck.

teiuhvioe air eoing ot aoaoch and thsi ti siaoyine oallt eh gmeot oe rpeitenw ot lwak ona nt hsi iognog tlwal on onte o fhtehire mfpeifao i fiwjioewfeo iajofiewjoafiejwoai

si feoiw af

na hte we can puro the mtoe roe preiona o and mfeiubteual

so mos okeiena s orein go tbe idmer and the

so if w ero weot oufe ithe cutek gte cek abd at bal tt a sint abel tofea hwta i soignog ot gapepns it ht atniciuebteantoiebn fmeoiafbl afieonateobeitel abute but if we swtich it bacl tpot the pat hent wha thapens i sht ati tis oigngo. tmov enad we can no wpreuf the mtoe rperio keins e

so th nsi te s aroeing o to be idm eht elight cha is ogin gtbe theal and teh re are to wha dnoicfle anf etos the leinekr os theonef o fhe treha ids oalwya ontoig tbattahc ot hte mciteal d thwa thapspneis that the mcie aoifoewa

os hteya re smaitel to the msuyoan deefhao fbteh oahav eute ofeormidla profmieto mfieal yhe mer or soeithtieng id,e eiaha vena ntieal dh teu fiela tan dhwen theya er atp forubd theyar eoign toe hbe screthe gheir hodl adn kcikt eh back oen fore wa ans i itufela ti tis goinghot elt go but udi tenteh wen apt i dgongoit si goit o repals ei tslolo

the re are tewo kin there i shte conentieown one hwe rh ten temreiawbl yeda dis oging o tattahc a

at eh tail the eha ids hte ner uaf euanf is oigno teh avhte c temrian be rhe eha dna ta is goig otbe like knei 13 ht ait sused ofr degaiotne

so eta teaviesl coat o oen perial out of he 12 na theya re pignot o stpe on 8nm wo soevyer omsindiemr one the tunr

ont ehw ays it itus ot oaivo dofle aof het viesl .

the vie si sorocesson the heald is lawya bodu so the mto orodens fall of diidf etmo odus eiid ifoeafn mvoemba tp difien l

kein ar eutgla theya cna iethe rbe ufneoal fena fofeil ahd hte is all trhotguhs ignalgin. kiefna. eroing oto idnie ival hte of alnd fial tpdoekar y rmebte kine isn 12is oifnog intiatl udcaopt nae dfoaicltye peoiwatlfe wahf e awi ther a rekitn ath arp siel co fr mito and can bidn mitbeul psutehmcias puf eahey dont move slienf thtepo

kineis two hea dand eha cha si town nekc hte mi i otno be fceiaof bfiend ot he nekc abd bidn ot hte is oging throw the other hea do fthe ieow oin siognt eh toehr ehea ‘

two eha idn tie and hteu itne fieonfe oa feia eioanthe ZA

SO NOW E GO TNDUI WHEICH AOEIOG HE WSUTL A BTI DIIF ET THAJ THE SUA ODN THE kins ina dhteya roeind otbto beu inall doamof oife liek luscas an hwa hap3epns is tha theya re oigngo tbe the oens that areoi gio to ha saaat pase aict i sot osoa sp teo heu have liek threadingt mah3ec sls ptoe s

protei sna dh

clont hte gen ehta tencod ud realv ea 1 they are idbf ehte adn hav eteha foeia foe ah lcual sos theyprioes ut

the lciahs are iogn ot unwiand the dna dn the areoing oeu h

ther eis naother ething scalle dsparthin i think that is ksiel the akaitn aind tha tis ogingo tho degea it beuca is ti soigngo t hav ehte micutel byt hte c teimrila thadntehire aid sprtiantin

spaston
SPASSPASTIN

SPASTIN

Spasti is eoyingo ha vesigv spiat suwk i oign oythbe the ones tha tid oignto to detrfa the c tmeirnal u tual a

dnteh eww finally go th tapapt p o thelcampclam p p momep tha tis oigno g thad the lcoaot he polyemrias o shte clam is goingo tbe a usealya atpa s ae goingo be hexmaner but in thsi case the clamps is goingo tbe the btoei that is five domf and hte patfei tue aontelya odicm but e

sgte ei iw igon ot be a atp s en i is oigno g t ba ei eanr it soigno tbe mad eomf rh apoly peol;eyep and wha tha pei i soingo to ahve a stem sltka an daaatpa shta is oignto. be the hed. to shte stlka is oginog. ow alkd and hte semp tsi sogin ogo t be theonet hat is ogingo to hold the carog and wha thappens i stha titis ogigot. ous eydna nd dyacit liek anrkin and specitrn tha is goingo tobe c elthe clpiafl abd thyat is oigno help with the mreba shield onr od oet hprei rfhte merbao omf rshte rwal so hw thappens is tha tliesierfla it is ogin ogoingo tbind apt relals eckci ti back and abtl walk long. the rie are preoite like nude and lsi1 tha ta teoing the alife car a sotnr lgonacarog na th aotien ogt omake is torina dns lewor but if there wa smtuaot of the lis1 wha thappens i shta ttsi siglogn tle lad ot smoothe brieanht eo it not bale to carr hte bviesl n alrea theme

so we raoiweno t o ys eelc eot inho r ofue al wlak i gos hw athwe do is that we ar eoign ot atp and th is isogingo tbe apt vandna teihta is hte rbu btei ofeualf wai na this iogitoe ela vint eh proe otnr and htejrmeo t isnad thsi spti eogto the pso troske /

biht e ydna dn the kisnin ar eoing ot have alogn e8 nm o cf rh lenf of a dimer ls hwo hoe dyna ocneoncit is igooig to teb cagna dnt eh dyanc i isogingthe cabrfog . fhe ai ghe trial or what iv er.e

triafii ehte ier osiv oiwth enand hte rogoe stht oglid

hum ans have 45 kien gne ena d16 dud manvun esil us btoht is is os th at we can mvog thing tht a parto wya between teh mdile suyin

so the caerulf uend and whe ifnso ongfa i shtem and we us mviteualmps i or dlal wothe visl to tral vena dontgeti a stps. na dontewll toehr wid e the

so fish are oignt. naimalchangeolco liek sifhs bey chte ar eoign toinfor pigrm etitno teh ivisl naila change oclro lifk sifhs ebcua shtey are oign got incorma tpitem intot hteir viesl to make a dark cel lu contrithos veisl throguht he pclas and make a light clel u come tehmet n era

so anila sa erpoigno thcange colt e

so theo make theyadiper througuthout the cytosma nd then ligb buye ptutin gitn ehtemidl ure bsit eh

so agina ydn ndot eithe aniamsl ahve oclro hebcus ehtye are ignot ptu their ocloe iehte rin the cutp as rout in ner ahte nceit os make them dkar dipser and aggregatedint he midld idps i ni nteh cyto and iger so the clri sigoing otbe in the sla nd ofc mtoe ororepis ar eiogn otso dothsi

foisf oefjt htoeu sbuye ois og we also go psot rbatl aoio eof eo the ofil liek ady to the rawe a orei go tead dpsito foeiefl ato stubatulty anmo sot ieoa fie otie aiw

so aginw ahwa toagitne the os the of lthe mciteb inteprahs ito bdula a mp ayayayayyaya tther e a45 kien ans16

4516

4516 4516 4516 45761 456745 16

kisn ehv sin

so the rolf oe mcibteusl int inrep is to make. amap in mtis p owe r woign ot to rebudla dn gene two eso in cmeit oas

so intemjifyte we r aroeig ot oe ryea tgebyt eyht clelcyto lbfcuw w e am

s oint eirnep ah we aroein og th bufel athe map and in mtis os we ra reoingo teobudl the

dupla reahc and then go back

so why are hcome a reomcpa beuc is theyw ernet ocmapntehnt ehspa will bul and breka beucs i ti stnalg edna thi s why dn ai socnieo dna dnpacked into hcomr4es.

mcibteusl re reulg btu the clel cucle becsue we make mroe bctes in pmst hten we need intienterh

cmietbs are urelgbyt the clel cycl ebcause we make more mcitbeuslint most ehnwe need inte pr in temis the re ar ethree clals eosofmeirbfe

so the rfe ar ethre tyeps o f mciteusl in mjitos is the re ar ethe sutpid ah astral, the kine amte polar.

mit itne the re a rhtre

so the re ar ethree typs o flcls o fmeitbeult he ea keitne th atbidnot the chorm poalr whic aro eiogn toe oxht eow rsht hcor but tbo dont duthc ant eh the ov erlin ti zone of interdigitaiton itner digiaot beuca theyar e inter but dont idigtiatte them intei digiaot

in tisiio the e a rthre cals eo fmibt her a rekine that bind t the coes polw hic ar egoignot ext eotwoar dht ehco but douch them, they voerl in the zone of interidigne ita. in themjusl wehr ehteya re oigno ht sitl tha eroio og hnd poige sturucl uspprt

infei are oign

so agian the re

what i shte mos teytepic of or to fhetusp akhte amog eloang itnep ahs pdimer s

whife eu ofe wja itena dlei emie r

3.6 to 4.1 billio year ago

hack ot it hte ci 3alre igntu ehte cell cycl eba sew m ore make moretbeiu itm si

so ther a rehtre etysp keinte oasla n the at eroingo tbe the polar that are oigno tbe inht ehzone inte riditaoin

the kine ra aorien go thea vetw lthe inern alyer and hte oute rlayer and hte outelr lay si going ot direlc itneraciot witht chmirytbeusl

okei so mciebtea oaeirno tgtbereuyalt yt eh cuell cyel f

so rem tha tkient chroe ao idonhjt o eha ctwo laye hte ied soing othe ithe in erhta that is going ot atahc othe chorsm na ed the uter layer ht ais oign tbeh faci tot ehsil the infe anchro tint ehcomreso . s

o the

so the otuer layer o hte kitne chore a reoing otbe attached ot eh mcirbutuesl

so baiscla the oute ris oginto totien eirwith the mcibteul atbut eha renghte ioiuner is ngo toigno t odirelay anchroing the chormosnmes.

so be fean apthe

s o bef eioana is the chorms o reoing otbe lienedk and thej an fthe era toeing oeb soso the clel dones hve eye so wher ehte mcrhesi oa osit soinge out ejmcibteysl evyer wha tnad btali ehte citen atha tod attahc otheo coe s

ago befo. theya elibekd had this is whent eh cmitneuela oitnogsen foute and then attakc in usnfeio anfe ahta ontlyte ht eonse that do make i esoson incide is attahc teh ktine ar eoaig ot statrrelngit in hwen u have apreio attahc if hte pl hten u pul them the arie i=st both of htksint ea reotoha orie have hte o be attahce dpriep r

ot her the as mestabel wmenaf htea reoing oteb lit and fall of fwhen uc one thebot hte hten they cna hs oerbakc to thte meitnareoigo othe oute the atha tis oginto gbe i teh mibr and int ierht atis gong be b oud t the chormsoan ed so wha pape is tha tthey areoing o thbe baisclal be the ones so whe itheyu arebtohboudn corebthejj the are abelt o liek basically lcok in tigbtlyt heyerl to pto pul nto sbtalt

the ris. apritoe ocmt eha thodlthe is iehoc toghet and the is a kiens hta is oging othep thte keinte and amekthem fall of fos oos unteulthe kitn atach sna dpulsl o it then it is ogin ot osatl htekienta se an dsipt hte ohteoa l and we areoig ot he bael to tll so the re

]

so what hapepsn is that baicsllay beof erna pai it slined up and aft enra the ocheo is ogin tbe sper a os the clel doenshav eeyeto jkbwi hwer the ocwo. ae aso si t souen doumcie vye wya sntbali the mcitbeul that do attach thesote so icne it attahc the dkien areoing ot start rreeling it i only when u hte peorp atpamthey pul apr thetn u pumte aprp tand the i s agap in between i fhte onca roe inehar enemstbal ithemcatto the kitne oc orehteyw ont ling and hte so if the

ther is prei fhte aocl teh sie irfwto hteufo ha skian the prheoaure th

oh so they are oign ot phteoty the other chorem tok petie tha tis ogingo the cua tehnit otbidn wlea na to fall of only on

the onlyf ro tighy toncneiocn when ntoe phtoey so when theypull in btorhdiroe we sid eth ofcmpea dnt heksiena sr eina cnt eheprahgte

the rie ap eoitne ocme that hodl the si terhoa cti dithe the ocm iha skitenatahc the tpohos kient prot tis ogin goto cfau sht ebtei bid alfna oobnl so the is toing othepat he otuer

,ololo

ther a rem utleol mot ors asciaot eiwth tmjoo vmethcomreo the is an exo eht show ht atherea so me asscioa with chorsmosb ae

spine lamaleb al fientioe 2 op tpehtesp of eitao ptieo to mepta htehoc o smod oto emdile nad cpa thtereartwo tueps o fhcomrs omveo this is beo fmetapha sthe mcohre mo eott emdiuel and anpah whenr the movo et the pole perio to meptah cpatue smand move ot h to mudle

iuoe ante oithe teniso istbal m t a tein wbla ufe

so teh en eed ot be tenciso in orod eht sbtal utehmcibeta teh kcioew anthe awpj

so ther e wasn aemore doe whe befo rena apahse what htey did is tha ttehu too the keint co reht awa sattack to the chorsjm onad hten they u thte ar o the i thwdi thav ethe kientoc and they asawy thwr e are oign otbemotoe rptoue tha are goingo tugid it back to the middle maingi that ther a erpei ath aroeiof ot eb piting the chosm in the midla tfte rnapas h teh ke

even if it dind thea vkeitn s attahc theya reoign otbe pilled.

so theyd id an expire

o sthe r wans ient oawth odne thw awhe vu teh las to aiw th iwthot ueut ethat i oigno tmov eaywa form the pol aebiw the ar emoto erpeoitn tha t eorin ogow tonw and ptu sit akc tow arht ee rba dhtej af te oan a the tmor os tunrf ona ft eumfienfa witn and the arm ao iogn ogt be towar hte pisnel boles so ther i sogino tbe a puils enidn kien amtoe roprei th is oigno o rpusbe it

so nceiot ar ehte mto when they divi theya reoig ot make spien plel andthey are oignt oto stayin themiddle afrter divios so they dont go towards hte edge. so

s owhen theyd ivi theya repigo to spinel poel andhte psoine peosl aorei got o stya int hemdiel afrte idi gos they dotn ow oa5rds the edtge so whe choer marein themidle hey et pushe don by mcibeutslbty tpisle bules iwl if we wer to hav eno psiejnpols

okei if we renot he av e apsinel poe bute w ehd a vencoetm an dmcibtesul theya reoigno tfrom a psueos dpiensl so wed onte maenco ite os ptan f

that cac ton mfei

so kein sare oigno. tbidn to antiparl atieo to walks

okei so hwat hapepns i stha twhen vidiotn hapens the the psindle poesl ar eoign ot tbe in the mdile and the ya re trmaking tne ia it si going ot inte aci thw choems ad os tdydn a reiog bav eot wto bdin to one and hteya reo igno tow alk ow rhte msine ap tbad then fehte pslue ar eoign to bdin tot ow mcitbeul at het sma ethi eand this is ogingo to cnitrnue lsid hte mcibteilfro ehacohte ad them ocing ot make themm ornagi se amd pla chte evuer thew t i soigno tsp to be

so baisl awh ef eai fei stha thwen divios hapens the ri sogno gbe

ter a remchansi tha thelp the mcietbesufl te mchtei achoers. so itsnot as rnaodm tis ivels

so how do the lbtei fiel teh aife a so its not a srnao dht isivle srna

ran GEF GTP

GEF GTO

ther a rencbai tha thel pthe jmcitbesul the kient hco s i tsno ta srnaodm , theinviesl rna ran in cneuslu cytpsis how preins et in and out of hte cnuelsin mits there is not nucelsus so that maitne ht atran id lef otu elol

the rea remac tha thel pteh fin the kinte so in mit the rsi no tncuelsus it sliber aodnw so feioa fn cra pthe hcomes so ran ha s ane wjob sinc eit snot logne rneed int ehcnueslsu. ran is int he grp maround thehcomeso ms and it siogin tobe ged boun an dtis ishwy we have ran at hte gor osudn gap is oigt oeso w ni

so how to gra ont eketinfea nd

hwo do mcibteusl finkeintshoc how to dmeic find keitne sohre

so keitno ar eo aroeing o the oin the hcormso na dwhat htis tota t

so rena ged i fointgeo to sbtal temcietsul to keep growin so theyat her yar ebalet o fint ehekines ores so thsi is nto rnaomd

so it i goiy toallwo the mciteusl to grow towar dsht echormsomes. beua i ti soigno to stbali zi t

how d pwe mehcail reel int ehcomes na pa orto this story has to do withe mcuestl dyanonfe in pirto

so befoe reo

so ran is part. of he tle3har cn fpeao

how ow e odo mecai reel i choesm and paro tothis had ot oieowaf

rieo rioe to naoa ns te cies areig obre ajuslt ia onc ethw ethe reola form ab e dn tis oghel p hte choesmosne

how to reel in teho ceosms? so befre aaaps hte mcibetsu areiog oit teharmdilgin and hten trna happe

and weori oaeifeioaw fbtoeh and tsi goigl mvoe theomc os, we use psifel ckiena diwth twe addedoibte itbal s

so beofe anap tte ciebtal aiogen ahcoem andthyeuar eoigo to be tremaigl abd thenw

we adidn teutoepa ant eh

spt einteisli los tht epthe plus end and lso that eminesu end

keitn trakchot jmiels hcoems. arepoge spolwe a

inan paha eht emcooesm mo eoiwt hte psinel oel mote ro ar ekitne pul towa rdmisnue dns

mibutes a teh kei ao feoal ino rtlr th choerm oa reeelig in

So nina fhe the ramote rhs otienwao tehatheoc mand the speirl afor te

In anaphse B spidle ps lthemc esmov ap prt

mot erh tsldi enaot epus piuels outwoar ds andhelp furth wspw erht ehtsi spine eltiona idni dinta ocmr

s oin anaphse be they are oign ot

so it ei tghe ciuer dy tha te roing omoe the cfhoesm odnw the mcutbeul an tha tner tgyt oed fsorfryte pail fo the ic so par th fetin vmoem efo and parit ther is a proil DMA1 that forma. aring aorudn teh cmietbsl anhd cmjites pdil hso enca if w outen haroud mcuet

sp. steh pslauyt oit oues ht eing as well.

tej ei sna otuenad innerl alye to hte rint hte

the inner layer o the keitn attahc eo the choremsona dh teotuer laye fo is attahc ot hf ecma tha is goirno to to eh sid eo the cmier hte plsu end s

felablz mcibteul si free to gian or loow salwoingeioanf\

ba cot eh fveiaofn elaofelwaofelwaofeowafewiafewanjfioewajf

teh micoe awome oaw oar3 eiotg eh fndeotms, the bala bdoies, teh psinepoels

orfne amteiao we ra oitento t eh uitne iraoh mfiebtuesl oaireno gtbe fo rhat emap sn aeht ejafo ewjaio

mito. we roiang tous them for the psinel and kaigne mitrule teh psienl lolollolollo.

st o ther e aroeing ot

the ra three lcaols eo cmitebuto cmitebusl ther is oign oteh kcineto micnbtf ahd mitheao comreio the sital n dhte sitp id a a porla rhe tajrifoe aoife waiofejiowafjeiowafijeowafjoeajfieoawjfoiewjoifjewoozne o finteiridgnetiao the pow ai isnt ieh sozutei oantef oarf eiowa

cpesp sekieoamn dngearla ifeoa f

s pteha sie lal what pois the ath temibtuesl are ognto attahc to thekiteo co a teh coeso and this isogn

assume eb1 which was used for hte assmebly - is it reugalted by the ran gtp singlign miriso siro e

let eb1 is ogin ot help wth the plus end

ran gtp what i soign to this is ginto gtran grp would acit eb1 .

ran grp would aciigve eb1

which of hteoifliwnsisued ot emov echoerls im metpahs toe pteh

Metpah pahs eot to teh psiel

tipic q15

TOPIC 15 - the merbuyci cell cyel the cyell cyel

the g1 s and g2 mitso is mphas ena interphs e

th whoel otie fo ehy ci fheat

wht eheow ptpfeia f aeural clel cyte lis gifela preajr na sjegioea ur dna os we have S w=phs ehwne re pcliat eh M pahse shwe suege tjt end agq an dg2

so we us efoeuwa cell sort and htenw e ar epogiv ot comep ar3 hwo mcuh oen cell ahs so in t htey areoing o othael alens then gw beuc aget is afrt ehs s wo nomcla tht emoauf od e iain a pcldi. sina

haoid a re 1 an ddiaple o a2n

the cle tha have 2n als re ifnte having 1x maoute o fhe r

so halpids

so if u tak etwo cle lone tha tis in s pahd ena onet he isn gg1 an dtes oteh therua dn reauctps na

os the g1 iwlla lso beigen to rpelait it snde ant eha tss ha veo suentkwenao tha cn id re3ier ogq1 into s i

so the whoe peruc o the cyel cyl si to repclait na dthye sengeia otthe dna thw oel fpeoti e eh cel tue lsi fiaet aprea dn teu rdn aso we ahv espahe whwen the rpeal and mpahs uloo at teiteowa

so how o dow esutyd hte clecyel

s we use

flsoucne aicnti evell csotr we cus elfeo scoait clel soutr hta is ogin ot prieot aoinfe allw osut o s

so we 3a3o3en eothe fusiwcfna itne tr

sot ht is oign ot a diofenwa of and then 3e raoinfo et se ethe pitor aotu nd a.

so g 2an 2 homj rea

So wa reiog the ie rsless

sowe roaireo g ot se thea tehr is les sdne ian g2 na dmor ein g2 na diei sle si in S

epaks ocunt clel and eitm aleng ot difine rpahs eslengeo. fh tpahs is prio to the nuemrb of clel the lengot hte pios io feioan

So liek 22 hous ueland tehw e ago to ethe g i s13

so the lfne ao fhte ps proep athe hnreula ioewa

ad d orues the aotu fo eur ieprieo to at out of hte

so the amotun fo dh ain the thintgs pirot and alntoerhe thetis i that if we insje c

so teh pteiof hte cyel sycels i to reuap and sgenioat ur dna so we hav ehte SPahs when reptak nd m pahs ehwne hw isoneu cna only look at mtiso ad se tha thocma ore adoing eo but in ang us e u cna ts ei that

so the clel cytl 12 horusr agai giao teio at

if u tkae a

so what htey did i sht athey took the psheoncpzu and Mpahs enad hten the pltue it io oocyts na dht riatesl mtisois .lol wos for the M pahs htey btue ioof ie ne a

they took andel and take osm eycota form one cell and inejc ti titnoanoatehr clel. we tka eth mapshe ycotaksd apcl iteitoe the g2 site we aotien to trna sfer 1/100,000 volteu of the cytospals this sogint o make the g2 to fro the m psomething the yctpaoks si oigno g tirger it.

cleufiosn we takteh cell cytla nd tene ifbas oend ifneio repitro we foint hte endl adh tejiofa

so the psibteial tithg athte i Maturiang Proeinte fac ot

MPF i weithe roigneo atbea na3euzm eor is iots otah etj

so there shas ot eb s osme ocptebfe this osmnethitn oitn oteb ateuroai fprtoi MPF tow sbcfielt het MPF cna ehre be aneyzme or eutalt eh enzyem

THhe MPF cna iehr ebe aneyze or eutal tan nezl mp is otin inaicnt or ieoanc iand prein in g2 thsi is an autpocla menaigf tha ti siiancito int eGw and then it sgocm esaicfnt ein Mpahse

we akte extrao cfmr gw and jntw inicj so the only palc eht ahas icanti eMPF is ogin go tbe nfioewna ds

afneto empi int. eh nex s theye rno MPf osinte ois lontely ioeis

Lol so smeiro wsos the ifoewaof eijfioewajf

So whend oe stnraiona dn trlas tartwha ar ehte aleir periont shta amd i

whd oes tiroa and lteaitoe soa tna dhw atieo ajfeo afpoenafejoa md e

sp hwe do estnriaonad tieral so tand hwa thte elraie ptur tah ar emaed eh eoto xieal dn adde diotne amethain to ge tienpt re

difeo ifo eao cylcin os

wht time di dh sht the emausr ehte lcicng proe elvie4sl beua s wh

he goo reial dna ded reioadi oamtehin to ge itnr itn o the peirand rna theo an dhe sau tatfeiao fiel tha tht er eaiorfen ghat areoing ote tnal and nd htem deneioa tysis icalleduc lcing cos scylsing hte preiont tha is oging orbe amd ena dhtne decreas t sigoing tbe mad ena dhte decre so that quensio ebtoam si ths iteupreo doing it sicna itegre be a preiotn th is jsut incil in ifoen aor it soigno gbe a trnait roproeitn .

so cycling wha tincier and hten denciotn. other reaiosi s tis jsut a proiten needed

so they goot gro and ena dhte idltue theyctp they ptu the eg in oila nd the the stuel palsut espil os they to il eg and udl the psitel they tut eiehg ein into til and thenteh cets was venitrigues.

u sping and pop and t auctpla socme sotu theyre in oaild hte uei fne iou cant ad

so tepsej si sadded ot eh xa trna hte ncue3r lebvoelp forumds oaurent ehsep aned then s pahs ebegie mr

spha fbfreirao dn teh mso tehya dde soer t inccud mitosis o hte psha nt ehne the M feiowa

eteh exteu sycsl ebs te sna dm p

so the key epxie r4desotry all MRNA in the extra sie the rnas. \

\so he added RNAse that is going ot degra RNAse i tdiens tdotey teh tnralaiton sutff. so when he did that added the Rnas the cycel sopt cyclign and cuz he desptuelall teh MRNA b ut when he added teh MRNA the cuclig the cyel cuyel reuse s it iw asoncdlued that baiscallyUClgi is going otbe a sfiet to reus thecteling it pov e cycl cygoint ironat oie

oke so abscial form wha the go ti sth athe clel si going to cycle lol

CYlgina dn MPF ar eoign ot eb teones that eoirn go thelep it hsi sutioat

oh ehd isoiv ethea tlaos if yw ere

remo hte end of hte 90 mainc oad at hte n tea the u get suck in mapsha en

MPF is oig o reualt the tieao fomr g2 to M

THe clel fusion epie xoso hw eir iew erh tecler fg1 and s hten teh g1 is oig o eh st th ati eus ioe tein mits tha tis oign to allow su t

oif u tak t acel that i mahs ena dare anyt othe cle its liek

so the nxo pue fro thes e eg ar eneoa ifnero theayr eoaign ote sutin ge utnitlewe hav eireal o rht eprios tha ti voing ocua o the diviow i mp so its it gwi iotnso gepe ogriwo and pgrow and pgwo n

so all teh cuealr eht esma eteyre in

so the cnoepus fro e ega is tha tehe sfro efo aifeoanfe oatheareiogn ite the g2 untitl eheyf ieoanf fnahtey ieon the stii

OMG my stomachhhhh

omg

NOES FOR 16 -

gene3tic analysis - peopel definetd genetic pathways using a assmebly of a phage

u can look a tthe asmebly of phage and watch them get assembly. ppl looked fo rmauiotn in the virla dna that weere defiencitn in assmebling cirus and so if u make amutaiton in any of htese genes numberwed 5,6,7,8 u dont assembly a tial. if u have mtuation in gene 9 or 11 u make the tail but dont add the appendance. by making mutatns and looking. at what stage ur dfecetive in assebly u can generate a pathway of events that occurs in assmebly of a phage . this is geneit cpatwhay and a buiochemical pathways. the power of geneticsl

one powerufl things i sthat u can order events along a pathwyay we order the vetsn a shtey occur in the cell cycle. we use gentic anaylsis to dtermin the order of event sin a pathway. we are oign to looking at budding year sacchrom tha i sused for baking and brewking bearits one of hte first ornagims anyone di dbiochem.

so dipleoids have two copies of each choemsome, they are referd to as a alpha diploids. those cell will grwo hapily and divide bymtisosi. as long as theres food around. if we starve them from nitrogent they will udnergo meiosis to make four haploid cell a dnt hsoe clelhave oppiste mating cells. two of them will be a celland two will be alpha cells. thos halpods can divide by mitosis. they are e3quialtne to our sperm and eggs. and those can go through mtitois cycle and gernate a lot of alpha and a caells. if they com into contact iweth each other they can mate which for yeast mean they fuse togehter to form a dipoil cell.

he picked yeast bc it grwos fast eveyr 90 mins. both haploids and idploids can undergo mitosis. this si importantt because u can isoalte losso fcuntio mtuatnt and haloids. halpods only have one copy of eahc choromosmes so only one copy of each geen if u have two copeis diploids u want to look for a loss ofcuntion tuation u woudl have to mtuat both copues of that gene. its much easier to to mutate on gene when u only have one copy .

unlike human cells u can look at budding cells and u can tell what stage of the cell cycle the cell is at by its morphaogly . cells that are in g1 are unbudded as u undergo the g1 to s trnaiton a smal bud emerges. tha tbud grws in size and then when u enter themphase u see events of mitsois so cells that are unbudded ar ein g1 cells tha hva a bud thare not in. mitois are in s pahse. and u cans ee when they are in m phase. its not clear whether they have a g2.

gentics look for yeas thta tare degetic in clelcycle. how we handle yeast in lab. plating for isngl cells. we can grow cells in lquid culture and we take a diltue smapel and spread it out on a. pedtri dish so indival cells lan on the plate far aprt form eahc other. so tehse are singl cell and u can grow those into colonesi.

the key is that lal the cell in a oclony are idnetla to each other . theyera ll clones because they all strated out a sone single cell so all the descone o fhtfe clel are idnetl to the orngial clel. we can do replica plating .

This is basically biological photocopying.

Here we've got a plate that

has a bunch of colonies on it.

Take the lid off that petri dish.

Flip it upside down. take a piece of

velvet cloth that's been sterilized

and smash that down onto the cloth.

Some cells from each colony

will transfer onto the cloth.

Most cells from each colony remain on the plate.

So you remove that plate from the cloth

and that's referred to as our master plate.

It's got all the original colonies.

You now take a new plate that

has nothing growing on it,

and you plop it down on the velvet.

And some cells from each colony

will then transfer onto that plate.

You let those colonies grow up,

and now you have a second plate that has

colonies that are identical to the first plate.

So all the cells in this colony on this plate are

identical to the cells in that colony on that plate.

All the cells in this colony on this plate are

identical to the cells in the colony on that plate.

We simply duplicated the

colonies onto a second plate.

Everybody good to that?

All right, so now we can start thinking about

how to do a mutant hunt, how to look for mutants.

I'm going to start out with wild

-type cells growing in liquid culture.

We're going to mutagenize them. You can zap them with

UV light or put in nasty chemicals that damage DNA.

And so we're going to have

some cells that get mutated.

the guys in green and the guys in

red are going to pick up mutations

now the thing to recognize about this is that

yeast has on the order of 6,000 different genes

and so how many genes are involved

in regulating the cell cycle

well we don't know but it could be that maybe

there's only a dozen that are involved in

making decisions

Do I undergo the G1-to-M

transition? Do I undergo the G2-to-M transition?

And so of the cells that get mutated,

maybe 5,990 contain mutations

in genes we don't care about,

genes that do all sorts of other things.

And maybe only 10 genes are involved

in regulating the cell cycle.

So the question is, how do you figure out, how

do you find those rare mutations that are

defective in the process you're interested in?

And so what we're going to do is

what's referred to as a genetic screen.

We are going to mutagenize cells, and typically

you do this, you grow up around 100,000 colonies.

colonies, and so we've got all these colonies

on whatever, 200 different plates, 500

different plates, and now we're going to have

to look through those colonies for the rare

ones that are defective in the cell cycle.

So whenever you do a genetic screen, you have to

look for a particular phenotype, in this case

defects in the cell cycle all right everybody

good with that all right so now we have a problem

if you have a mutation that's

defective in cell division

the cell is not going to divide

if the cell doesn't divide it can't form a colony so

the cells are dead

So how do you find mutations

that cause the cells to die

if they can't form a colony, so

you can't look at their phenotype?

Everybody see the problem? If you're defective in

the cell cycle, you can't undergo the cell cycle.

You can't divide, so you're dead.

Okay.

The answer is you screen for what are

referred to as conditional mutations.

So the most common form of conditional

mutation are temperature -sensitive mutations.

So what's a temperature -sensitive mutation?

So here are wild -type yeast cells.

They can grow over a range of temperatures.

They can grow at 23 degrees

centigrade. They can grow at 37.

Their optimal temperature is 30.

Let's think about a loss of function mutation in

an essential gene as a gene that's required for

life as we expect the cell cycle genes to be.

If we have a loss of function mutation, say a null

allele, then the corresponding protein will be either

missing or inactive and the cells will be dead.

It doesn't do us any good.

However, there's a rare type of mutation

known as a temperature -sensitive mutation.

What those mutations typically

do is change a single amino acid

so that the protein folds up and

is functional at low temperatures.

However, that mutation destabilizes the protein enough

that now it unfolds and is inactive at 37 degrees.

Thus, a strain with the temperature-sensitive mutation

in a gene that's required for life will allow the

cells to be alive and grow and form colonies at 23,

but the cells will die at 37.

temparu tesneio temautoisn

So it si acitn and ufeoiat at 23 and iancit at 37. so theylooked foirato esneito amfitaotin

these mutations arent going to be cell cycle mtuation genes becsause otehrwisle it will be lethal. so the primary sreen is going to lok formutaito. in essental genes , temperature senstive alleles. and then he did a secondary screen and this is pretty typical of any genetic analyss. u do a primary and then a secondary and in the secodaru we look fro muation that were spieclaly defecitn in cell cycle.

Secondary we aer going to look at the terminal phenotyep look at cells that died at a particlaru stage of the cell cycle. u are mutated in rna polymerse which is not required for the cell cycle but for every state of the cell cycle and u get a temprature senative allele of rna pol. u elevate the temprature and those cells die 10 mins later. the ones that were in early g1 are going to die 10 mins later , those in eraly s pahse die later , however if the gene is only requied for one part of hte cell cycle like trnaiotn from g1 ot s pahse the cells ae oging ot die at that traniton poitn. so in the sldie we have temprateure sensitve mutatnt that dies a thte g1 to s trnaiton. so all the cell will ahve the same pheontype, they will be all unbudded because tehy all die in late g1. they may conitnue to grow so they may be very large cells but theyll ahve the saem cycel pheontype. he looked for mtuations in which all of hte cells died at non permissive temperatue the restrictive tempature at a prarticalauar stage in the cell cycle. and so here are osme o fhte mtaunt he identied. CDC mutatns, cell divion cycle mutatnt. cdc15 mutants all divide as large budded cells. cdc 7 is all divide with a smallbud and cdc7 is required for ination of replciaotn righ whic is an s phase event so the cells have transistioned form g1 into s phase but they cant replciat their dna . so they die witha. small bud cdc9 died in late s phase . over 50 mutaiton in 50 dif genes that arrested the cell cycle. so cdc 15 mutants they all arrest as larg budded ceels. in the wild type they have small, medium and large but in the cdc 15 they all ahve large buds.

questoin? which mtuaitons do u study?

not all of hte genes are going ot regualt the cell cycel(divide or not to divide).

He defiend STARVE. he staved the yeast cells for nutrients. he discored that they all arrest in late g1. they dont start to replciat their dna until theirs enough nutrients aorudn so that hey can finsih replciatng their dna.

yeast ask is there enogut nutrients to go through the cell cycle. sma thing with mating, yeast have halpod a and alapha and they are going to emmit hromeons that act on the other tyep co cells. and so a cells will emit a perhomt that acts on alpha cells. this is going ot cause the cells to arrest in late g1. the only tiem ur haloids is in g1 . in s u replciate g2 ur rpelciated. so when cells are oging ot mate they each want to have one copy of cohroesm so those perhomes are also coing to cause the cells to arrest in late g1 apprently atht ehsame tiem that the cells arrest in the absence of nturients. THIS IS start when they ask a quesiton if it a good time to divide or not .