Sem 1

Two types of blood, serum and plasma. Plasma has coaguloation factors,


Blood count-Rbc, wbc and platelets.

Haemoglobin glycolated measures haemoglobin with glucose. Indicatitive of pre-diabetes. When glycosialted haemoglobin greter than 6.5% not good contol of diabetes. E.g. can’t place implants in these patients.

Heamatocrit- volume of blood in relation to total blood

Red series is studied with elemts like iron. Common in ulceritive collitis.


  1. Platelets: Come from megakaryocytes in the bone marrow.

  2. Red blood cells in a 70 kg person: Approximately 25 trillion RBCs.

  3. MCV: Mean Corpuscular Volume — the average volume/size of a red blood cell. Normal: 80–100 fL.
    MCH: Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin — the amount of haemoglobin in a red blood cell. Normal: 25–35 pg.

  4. Very low erythrocytes + leukocytes + platelets: This is pancytopenia. It requires further investigation, particularly of the blood/bone marrow, before treatment.


Coagulation is when blood changes from liquid state to a solid state. Primary clot is fast but not aesthetic, then later it stabilises and looks nicer.

INR- tp patient/ tp contol oms. (TP= prothrombin time). INR needs to be betwwin 2-3.5. Otherwise risk of stroke. Factrs like food and stuff can affect INR.

Biochem

Glucose normal value is 70-110 mg?dl. fasted