UCSP 2nd Quarter

INSTITUTIONS-IS A MECHANISM THAT GOVERNS THE BEHAVIOR OF A SET OF INDIVIDUALS WITHIN A GIVEN COMMUNITY. STATE INSTITUTIONS- a political organization of society, the body politic, the institutions of government. The country is a form of human association distinguished from other social groups by its purpose, the establishment of order and security; its methods, the laws and their enforcement; its territory, the area of jurisdiction or geographic boundaries; and its sovereignty.

POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS-IS UNIVERSAL IN ALL THE SOCIETIES OF THE WORLD.THIS IS THE POWER AND AUTHORITY WHICH USED TO MAINTAIN SOCIAL ORDER.

ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS-SPECIFIC AGENCIES OR FOUNDATIONS, BOTH GOVERNMENT AND PRIVATE, DEVOTED TO COLLECTING OR STUDYING ECONOMIC DATA, OR COMMISSIONED WITH THE JOB OF SUPPLYING A GOOD OR SERVICE THAT IS IMPORTANT TO THE ECONOMY OF A COUNTRY.

EXAMPLES OF ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS:

1. BIR- BUREAU INTERNAL REVENUE- THE GOVERNMENT TAX COLLECTION AGENCY
2. IS UNIVERSAL IN ALL THE SOCIETIES OF THE WORLD.
3. THIS IS THE POWER AND AUTHORITY WHICH USED TO MAINTAIN SOCIAL ORDER

MAIN FUNCTIONS OF ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS

1.RECIPROCITY- DEFINED AS THE SYSTEM OF EXCHANGE IN WHICH GOODS OR SERVICES PASSED FROM ONE INDIVIDUAL OR GROUP TO ANOTHER AS A GIFT WITHOUT THE NEED FOR EXPLICIT CONTRACTING FOR SPECIFIC PAYMENTS.

EXAMPLES OF RECIPROCITY:

ü A salesperson giving a freebie to a potential customer, hoping that it will lead them to return the favor by purchasing something

ü A leader offering attention and mentorship to followers in exchange for loyalty

ü Offering customers some valuable information in exchange for signing up for future marketing offers

2.REDISTRIBUTION-IS WHEN MEMBERS OF AN ORGANIZED GROUP CONTRIBUTE MONEY INTO A COMMON POLL OF FUND.

EXAMPLES: THE TAXES THAT ARE COLLECTED FROM INDIVIDUALS DEPENDENT ON THEIR PERSONAL INCOME AND THEN THAT MONEY IS DISTRIBUTED TO OTHER MEMBERS OF SOCIETY THROUGH VARIOUS GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS

3.MARKET TRANSACTIONS- IS WHEN GOODS ARE SOLD FOR MONEY, WHICH IN TURN IS USED TO PURCHASE OTHER GOODS, WITH THE ULTIMATE GOAL OF ACQUIRING MORE MONEY AND ACCUMULATING MORE GOODS

NON-STATE INSTITUTIONS-A group of people or any organizations which are not affiliated with the national government. Sometimes called a non-state entity. For instance, these non- state institutions are private banks, private corporations, cooperatives, non- governmental organizations (NGO) and Trade Unions. These institutions have several functions and roles in our society as part of the nation-building.

\ \ EXAMPLES OF NON-STATE INSTITUTIONS:

Ø BANKS

Ø CORPORATION

Ø COOPERATIVES

Ø TRADE UNIONS

Ø TRANSNATIONAL ADVOCACY ORGANIZATION

\ 1.BANKS- ARE FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS LICENSED TO RECEIVE DEPOSITS AND MAKE LOANS.

2. CORPORATION-IS A LEGAL ENTITY THAT IS SEPARATE AND DISTINCT FROM ITS OWNERS

EXAMPLES: SAN MIGUEL CORPORATION, ABS CBN AND GMA NETWORK

3.COOPERATIVES-ARE PEOPLE CENTERED ENTERPRISES OWNED CONTROLLED AND RUN BY AND FOR THEIR MEMBERS TO REALIZE THEIR COMMON ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL NEEDS AND ASPIRATION

4.TRADE UNIONS-ARE ORGANIZATIONS MADE UP OF MEMBERS ( A MEMBERSHIP-BASED ORGANIZATION AND IT’S MEMBERSHIP MUST BE MADE UP OF MAINLY OF WORKERS

5.TRANSNATIONAL ADVOCACY ORGANIZATIONS-ARE DEFINED AS “SELF- ORGANIZED ADVOCACY GROUPS UNDERTAKING VOLUNTARY ACTIONS ACROSS STATE BORDERS IN PURSUIT OF WHAT THEY DEEM THE WIDER PUBLIC INTEREST.

\ EDUCATION-IS THE SOCIAL INSTITUTION THAT FORMALLY SOCIALIZES MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY. IT ALSO REFERS TO THE PROCESS THROUGH WHICH SKILLS, KNOWLEDGE AND VALUES ARE TRANSMITTED FROM THE TEACHERS TO THE LEARNERS

TWO TYPES OF EDUCATION IN THE PHILIPPINES

Ø FORMAL EDUCATION

Ø NON-FORMAL EDUCATION

FORMAL EDUCATION- usually takes place in a classroom setting and provided by trained teaching and non-teaching staff

ELEMENTARY EDUCATION-IT IS THE FIRST PART OF THE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM, AND IT INCLUDES THE FIRST SIX YEARS OF COMPULSORY SCHOOLING FROM GRADE 1-6.

SECONDARY EDUCATION-IT IS CONTINUING BASIC EDUCATION FROM THE ELEMENTARY LEVEL TO FOUR YEARS OF JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL AND TWO YEARS OF SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL.

TERTIARY EDUCATION-IT IS OFFERED BY PRIVATE AND PUBLIC COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES.

ALSO REFERRED TO AS THIRD- LEVEL, THIRD STAGE OR POST-SECONDARY EDUCATION.

VOCATIONAL EDUCATION-ACCREDITED INSTITUTIONS OFFER TECHNICAL AND OCCUPATIONAL EDUCATION. PROGRAMS OFFERED VARIES IN DURATION FROM WEEKS TO TWO YEARS.

NON-FORMAL EDUCATION-IT IS AN ORGANIZED EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITY THAT TAKES PLACED OUTSIDE A FORMAL SET-UP. IT HAS NO AGE- LIMIT, EVEN ADULTS AND OUT OF SCHOOL YOUTH CAN TAKE PART IN AN NON- FORMAL EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM.

SPECIAL EDUCATION-SPECIAL EDUCATION (SPED) IS THE PRACTICE OF EDUCATING STUDENTS IN A WAY THAT PROVIDES ACCOMODATIONS THAT ADDRESS THEIR INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES, DISABILITIES OR SPECIAL NEEDS.

FUNCTIONS OF EDUCATION

1. SOCIALIZATION-IS A PROCESS WHERE A PERSON LEARNS ABOUT ROLE, STATUS AND VALUE THAT SHOULD HAVE IN A SOCIETY.
2. SOCIAL INTEGRATION-For a society to work, functionalists say, people must subscribe to a common set of beliefs and values.
3. SOCIAL PLACEMENT- Beginning in grade school, students are identified by teachers and other school officials either as bright and motivated or as less bright and even educationally challenged.
4. SOCIAL AND CULTURAL INNOVATION- is a fourth function of education. Our scientists cannot make important scientific discoveries, artists and thinkers cannot come up with great works of art unless they have been educated in the many subjects they need to know for their chosen path.

EDUCATION AS HUMAN RIGHT - IN OUR 1987 PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION, IT IS STATED IN ARTICLE 14, SECTION 1: THE STATE SHALL PROTECT AND PROMOTE THE RIGHT OF ALL CITIZENS TO QUALITY EDUCATION AT ALL LEVELS AND SHALL TAKE APPROPRIATE STEPS TO MAKE SUCH EDUCATION ACCESSIBLE TO ALL.

SOCIAL STRATIFICATION-REFERS TO THE SOCIETY’S CATEGORIZATION OF PEOPLE IN THE SOCIOECONOMIC TIERS BASED ON FACTORS LIKE WEALTH, INCOME, RACE, EDUCATION AND POWER.

STATUS OF PEOPLE

Ø Wealth and income

Ø Social class

Ø Ethnicity

Ø Gender

Ø Political status

Ø Religion

SOCIAL CLASS:

1.UPPER CLASS-HAS HIGH PERSONAL INCOME LIKE CEO, INVESTORS, HIGH SUCCESSFUL PROFESSIONALS, THOSE WITH INHERITED WEALTH AND ECONOMIC INFLUENCE.

2.MIDDLE CLASS-IS ALSO CALLED AS THE RISING CLASS INCLUDES THE SMALL BUSINESSMAN, TEACHERS, MERCHANTS,TRADERS WITH MODEST INCOME.

3.LOWER CLASS-EARN WITH LOW INCOMES WITH LITTLE OR NO SAVINGS AND UNEMPLOYED. THEY ARE INCAPABLE TO BUY THEIR BASIC NEEDS

SOCIAL MOBILITY-IT REFERS TO THE MOVEMENT OF ONE INDIVIDUAL OR GROUP FROM ONE SOCIAL CLASS TO ANOTHER .

CLASSIFICATION OF STRATIFICATION SYSTEM

Ø CLOSED SYSTEM

Ø OPEN SYSTEM

CLOSED SYSTEMS-

Ø HAVE NO CHANCES OF MOVING EITHER UP OR DOWN IN SOCIAL STRATIFICATION.

Ø ALLOWS LITTLE SOCIAL MOBILITY.

Ø ASCRIBED STATUS ( S0CIAL POSITION INHERITS AT BIRTH)

EXAMPLES OF CLOSED SYSTEMS

1.CASTE SYSTEM

IS A SYSTEM OF INHERITED INEQUALITY. IT ASSUMES THAT EACH PERSON IS PRE-ORDAINED A PLACE AND OCCUPATION IN SOCIETY AT BIRTH

Example: INDIA’S CASTE SYSTEM

2.ESTATES

MOSTLY IN THE EUROPEAN SOCIETY IN THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD AS CATEGORY IN A FEUDAL SYSTEM. IN WHICH MEN ARE ASSIGNED THEIR STRATA ACCORDING TO BIRTH, MILITARY, STRENGTH, AND LANDHOLDINGS

OPEN SYSTEMS-

Ø HAVE MORE CHANCES OF MOVING UP OR DOWN THE SOCIAL STRATIFICATION.

Ø ALLOWS MORE SOCIAL MOBILITY.

Ø ACHIEVED STATUS (social position based individual achievement, effort or award)

CLASS SYSTEM

COMBINED ASCRIBED STATUS AND A PERSONAL ACHIEVEMENT IN A WAY THAT ALLOWS SOCIAL MOBILITY.

TYPES OF SOCIAL MOBILITY

1. HORIZONTAL-IT IS A CHANGE IN RELIGIOUS, TERRITORIAL, POLITICAL, OR OCCUPATIONAL SHIFT WITH NO CHANGE IN VERTICAL POSITION

EXAMPLE OF HORIZONTAL

· WHEN A PERSON CHANGES OCCUPATION, BUT OVERALL SOCIAL STANDING REMAINS UNCHANGED.

2. VERTICAL- IS A CHANGE IN THE OCCUPATIONAL, POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS STATUS THAT CAUSES CHANGE IN SOCIETAL POSITION.-
3. UPWARD-THIS IS WHEN AN INDIVIDUAL MOVE FROM A LOWER POSITION TO A HIGHER POSITION
4. INTER-GENERATIONAL MOBILITY-WHEN A SOCIAL POSITION CHANGES FROM ONE POSITION TO ANOTHER AND THE CHANGE CAN BE UPWARD OR DOWNWARD
5. INTRA-GENERATIONAL MOBILITY-IT IS THE CHANGE IN THE SOCIETAL POSITION THAT OCCURS DURING A LIFESPAN OF A SINGLE GENERATION.

FACTORS THAT AFFECT SOCIAL MOBILITY

· LAND OWNERSHIP

· POLITICAL DYNASTY

· EDUCATION

· ACHIEVEMENT’

\ 1.Functionalism - Where stratification is necessary to induce people with special intelligence, knowledge, and skills to enter the most important occupations.

2.Conflict theory - Results from lack of opportunity and from discrimination and prejudice against the poor, women and people of color.

3.Symbolic interactionism - Where stratification affects people’s beliefs, lifestyles, daily interaction, and conceptions of themselves.

\ CHARACTERISTICS OF SOCIAL STRATIFICATION

· IT IS SOCIAL

· IT IS ANCIENT

· IT IS UNIVERSAL

· DIVERSE IN FORM AND CONSEQUENTIAL

\ FUNCTIONALIST PERSPECTIVE- It refers to theories that affects the beliefs, lifestyles and everyday interactions of every individual.

LIFE CHANCES- The access that people have to important life resources (e.g, safe neighborhood, healthy foods, consistent contact with educated adults).

\ IOPEN SYSTEM - in the Philippines, one can go up or down freely in the ladder of social stratification. This type of society is characterized

\ CLOSED SYSTEM-People who are born into this system of society are socialized to accept their standing for the rest of their lives.

Example of Intra-Generational mobility- When an individuals starts their career as a clerk and through their life moves on to a senior position such as director. One sibling may also achieve a higher position in society than their brother or sister.

\ Horizontal mobility -The movement of an individual from one social position to another of the same rank

\ Prestige – means Respect, honor, recognition or courtesy an individual receives from other members of society

\ IPRA LAW- programs addresses inequality on ethnic minorities we can understand social inequality from a macro-sociological perspective because lived experience is impacted by gender, race and class.

\ OFW-It includes seamen and others who work outside the country but are neither permanent nor temporary residents of the country.

\ ADAPTATION-It refers to the adjustments made regarding decisions and activities in order to manage risks and capture potential opportunities brought about by any changes in the environment.

\ MIGRATION-The process of geographic mobility or the change of residence of a person from one community to another with the intention of setting temporarily or permanently.

\ INTERNAL MIGRATION-This refers to a change of residence within national boundaries such as between states, provinces, cities, or municipalities.

INTERNAL MIGRANTS-Persons who moves to a different administrative territory.

MIGRATION-Those people who moved with the legal permission of the receiver nation.

MITIGATION-A technological change and substitution that reduces resource inputs and emissions per unit of output.

\ ADAPTATION-The process of change by which an organism or species becomes better suited to its environment This is a true statement

OTHER MINORITIES-These are groups composed of less dominant classifications in the society that experience disproportionately lower opportunities than their dominant counterparts.

LGBT-They are always treated indifferently and discriminately because they do not fall within a biologically gender group.

GLOBAL INEQUALITY- It manifests relationship between states and non-state actors in the global community

SYMBOLIC CAPITAL-It is referred to as the institution implementing the functions of the government.

The distance between masses and the decision makers, the more layers of authority and the decision, the

greater the Cultural Inequality.

GLOBAL STRATIFICATION-It is a relevant concept involved in global inequality described as the unequal distribution of social gaps across nations.

ETHNIC MINORITIES-It is referred to as minorities living traditionalistic lives far away from the city and technology and may appear differently than usual.

SYMBOLIC CAPITAL-It refers to the resources available to a group of individual on the basis of honor, prestige, recognition, and serves as the value that holds within a culture.

OTHER MINORITY-Magna Carta for Disabled Persons, and For Other Purposes’ Granting Additional Privileges and Incentives and Prohibitions on Verbal, Non-verbal Ridicule and Vilification Against Persons with Disability. Its objective is to provide persons with disability, the opportunity to participate fully into the mainstream of society by granting them at least twenty percent (20%) discount in all basic services.

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