Med Term
Body’s Organizational Structure
●
Atoms or ions
●
Molecules
●
Organelles- specialized structures in cells, ex/nucleus
●
Cells-fundamental units of life
●
Tissues-similar cells acting together to perform a function-Tissues-group of cells that have similar structure
and function as a unit.
1.
Epithelial tissue-forms the covering of body surfaces
2.
Connective tissue-supports and binds other body tissues and
parts.
3.
Nervous tissue-coordinates and controls many body
activities.
4.
Muscle tissue-produces movement
●
Organs-tissue types working together to perform one or more functions,
ex/lungs-Organs are made up of 2 or more tissue types that work
together to perform one or more functions, and form a more
complex structure.
●
Body systems-several organs working together to accomplish a set of
functions-A body system consists of several organs that work together to
accomplish a set of functions
●
Total organism- human capable of carrying on life function
—----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Prefix
Meaning
mono, uni
one
bi, di
two
tri-
three
quad-,quadri-, tetra
four
centi-
one hundred or
one hundredth (1/100)
deci-
one tenth (1/10)
milli-
one thousandth
(1/1000)
Writing Terms: Prefixes for Quantities
Prefix
Meaning
ana-
excessive, upward, or
again
diplo-
double
hemi-, semi-
half, partly
hyper-
excessive, more
than normal
hypo-
beneath
or below normal
multi-, poly-
many
nulli-
none
pan-
all
—---------------------
ransverse plane
: divides the
body into upper and lower halves.
Frontal or coronal plane
: divides
the body into front or back
portions.
Sagittal plane:
divides the body
into right or left sides. If the right
and left sides are equal, the plane
is a
midsagittal plane.
Combining Form
Meaning
anter(o)
near or towards the
front
poster(o)
near or towards
the
back
ventr(o)
belly side
dors (o)
directed toward
or
situated on the back side
medi(o)
middle or near the
middle
Combining Form
Meaning
super(0)
uppermost or above
infer(o)
lowermost or below
proxim(o)
near the origin
or
point of attachment
dist(o), tel(e)
far or distant from
the point of attachment
caud(o)
in an inferior position;
tail or towards the tail
cephal(o)
toward the head
Six important aspects are used to describe locations:
○
anterior- front
○
posterior- behind
○
lateral-side
○
medial- middle
○
superior- uppermost
○
inferior-lowermost
Term
Meaning
Posteroanterior
-back to front
Anteroposterior
-front to back
Unilateral
-one side
Bilateral
-both sides of the body
Superficial-
near the surface
Dorsoventral
- pertaining to the
back and belly surfaces
Dorsocephalad
- toward the back
of the head
Mediolateral
-from the middle to
one side
Term
Meaning
Palmar-
pertains to the palm
Plantar
- pertains to the sole
Prone-
lying face downward
Supine
-lying on the back
Pronation
-palm faces downward
Supination-
palm faces upward
Recumbent
-lying down
Quadrants
○
RUQ-Contains the right lobe of the liver, gallbladder, right kidney,
& parts of the large & small intestines
○
RLQ-Contains the right ureter, right ovary and uterine tube,
appendix, & parts of the large & small intestines
○
LUQ-Contains the left lobe of the liver, stomach, pancreas, left
kidney, spleen, & parts of the large & small intestines
○
LLQ-Contains the left ureter, left ovary and uterine tube, & parts
of the large & small intestines
—-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Body cavities-
—------------------------
Combining Form Meaning
hem(a), hem(o)
hemat(o), emia blood
hidr(o) sweat, perspiration
hydr(o) water
Combining Form Meaning
muc(o) mucus
py(o) pus
sial(o) saliva; salivary glands
ur(o) urine; urinary tract
Excretion: process of eliminating waste
Hematoma: localized collection of blood
Hyperemia: excess of blood in some part caused by increased blood flow
Pus: the liquid product of infection
Sanguineous: containing blood
Secretion: process of discharging a substance into a cavity
Suppurative: pertaining to or consisting of pus
Combining Form Meaning
Blood Cells
cyt(o), cyte cell
hemoglobin(o) hemoglobin
kary(o), nucle(o) nucleus
Blood Clotting
coagul(o) coagulation
fibrin(o) fibrin
thromb(o) thrombus; clot
Combining Form Meaning
necr(o) death
phil(o) attraction
Suffixes Meaning
-ant that which causes
-ate to cause an action or
the result of an action
-cidal killing
-poiesis production
-poietic that which produces
Erythrocytes: Red blood cells (RBCs)
Leukocytes: White blood cells (WBCs)
Thrombocytes: a cell that is not clotted. Also called a platelet
The layer of blood that is made up of leukocytes & platelets is called the buffy coat.
RBCs-transport oxygen (O2) to body tissue cells and pick up carbon dioxide (CO2) to be excreted by the lungs
RBCs contain hemoglobin which allows them to carry O2
Hematocrit is the measurement of the percentage of rbcs in a volume of blood.
Hemoglobin- measures O2 in the blood
abbreviations-
bid IV min p.o.
h A&O HEENT L&W
WD/WN ROM DOB CC
Dx Hx PE RUQ
—---------------------------------------------------------------------
Circulatory System
MC3 HCP 224
Medical Terminology
Cardiovascular System
Consists of:
•
Heart
•
Blood Vessels
•
Blood
1.
Transports oxygen,
nutrients, and vital
substances
to the interstitial fluid
surrounding the body’s cells
2.
Transports carbon dioxide and metabolic
waste away from the cells
3.
Maintains the acid-balance of the body,
prevents hemorrhage through blood
clotting, protects against disease, & helps
regulate body temperature
Layers of the Heart
•
Endocardium
–
Epithelial tissue
–
Lines heart
•
Myocardium
–
Middle layer
–
Cardiac muscle tissue
•
Pericardium
–
Epithelial tissue
–
Covers outside of hear
Combining Form
Meaning
angi(o), vas(o), vascul(o)
vessel
aort(o)
aorta
arter(o), arteri(o)
artery
arterio(o)
arteriole
cardi(o)
heart
phleb(o), ven(i), ven(o)
vein
venul(o)
venule
Tissues of the Heart
Combining Form
Meaning
arti(o)
atrium
coron(o)
crown
mediastin(o)
mediastinum
ox(i)
oxygen
pulmon(o)
lung
sept(o)
septum; partition
sin(o)
sinus
steth(o), thorac(o)
chest
valv(o), valvul(o)
•
Right ventricle
•
Pulmonary valve
•
Pulmonary artery
•
Lungs
•
Pulmonary veins
•
Left atrium
•
Mitral valve
•
Left ventricle
•
Aortic valve
•
Aorta
•
Arteries
•
Arteriole
•
Capillaries
•
Venules
•
Veins
•
Superior and inferior vena cava
Pattern of Circulation
•
Superior and inferior vena cava
•
Right atrium
•
Tricuspid valve
•
Right ventricle
•
Pulmonary valve
•
Pulmonary artery
•
Lungs
•
Pulmonary veins
•
Left atrium
•
Mitral valve
•
Left ventricle
•
Aortic valve
•
Aorta
•
Arteries
•
Arteriole
•
Capillaries
•
Venules
•
Veins
•
Superior and inferior vena cava
EKG - Electrocardiogram
•
Record of the
movement of the
electrical impulse as it
travels through the
heart
Arrhythmias
•
Abnormal or irregular
heart rhythms
Anemia
–
Too little RBC
’s or
hemoglobin or both
–
Many types
Sickle Cell Anemia
Aplastic anemia
Pernicious anemia
Iron deficiency
anemia
Aneurysm
CAD or Arteriosclerosis
•
Hardening of the
arteries
•
Results in the loss of
elasticity and
contractility
•
Results of aging
•
Causes hypertension
Atherosclerosis
•
Deposits of plaque on
artery wall
•
If plaque breaks loose
circulates as an
emboli and
Hemophilia
•
Inherited disease that
occurs mostly in
males but carried by
females
•
Lack of a clotting
Hypertension
Hypotension
•
Low blood pressure
Lymphatic System
Overview of The Lymphatic System
A. Importance of the lymphatic system:
1. Two most importance functions—maintain fluid balance in
the internal environment & immunity
2. Lymph vessels act as “drains” to collect excess tissue fluid &
return it to the venous blood just before it returns to the heart.
3. Lymphatic System—specialized component of the circulatory
system; is made up of:
●
Lymph
●
Lymphatic Vessels
●
Lymph nodes
●
Isolated nodules of lymphatic tissue
●
Tonsils/adenoids
●
Thymus
●
Spleen
Lymph-
1. Clear, water-appearing fluid found in the lymphatic
vessels; closely resembles blood plasma in composition
but has a lower percentage of protein; isotonic.
2. Elevated protein concentration in thoracic duct lymph
due to protein-rich lymph from the liver and small
intestine.
B. Interstitial fluid-
1. Complex, organized fluid that fills the spaces between
the cells; resembles blood plasma in composition with a
lower percentage of protein.
2. Along with blood plasma, constitutes the extracellular
fluid.
edema
lymph nodes
lymphadenopathy
lymphoma
tonsils
spleen
Thymus gland
tonsillar
allergen
anaphylaxis
lymphedema
lymphostasis
splenomegaly
thymectomy
splenorrhaphy
adenoiditis
lymph vessels
Hodgkin’s disease
©Science Island
1
Lymphatic and Immune
System
s
Key Terms
1.
lymph
extracellular body fluid found in lymphatic vessels and
nodes
2.
lymphatic capillaries
microscopic vessels of the lymphatic system that are very
permeable
3.
lymph nodes
lymphatic system structures that
filter unwanted
substances such as pathogens and cancer cells from the
lymph
4.
macrophages
white blood cells that develop from monocytes to engulf
and destroy bacteria and other foreign substances
5.
lymphocytes
white blood cells that monitor body
fluids for the
presence of antigens; can trigger an immune response
6.
metastasis
when cancer spreads to a new location in the body away
from its original site
7.
tonsils
trap pathogens entering the throat
8.
thymus gland
involved in producing
lymphocytes in children
9.
Peyer's patches
capture and destroy bacteria in the small intestine
10.
spleen
filters pathogens and debris from blood
11.
nonspecific defenses
protect the body from all foreign invaders regardless of
their type or location
12.
specific
defenses
produce specially formulated substances to attack
specific antigens
to which
the body has been
previously
exposed
13.
mechanical barriers
examples include the
skin and mucous membranes
which
form physical barrier
s to pathogens
14.
phagocytes
specialized white blood cells such as macrophages an
d
neutrophils that engulf and destroy foreign particles an
d
destroy them
15.
natural killer cells
type of lymphocyte that binds to tumor cells and virus
-
infected cells by injecting special protei
ns that create
holes in the plasma membrane
16.
inflammatory response
triggered by an injury to body tissues; damaged cells
release inflammatory chemicals such as histamine and
kinins
(redness, heat, swelling, pain, loss of function)
17.
chemotaxis
movement of cells towards or away from a chemical
stimulus
18.
diapedesis
the movement of white blood cells through capillary walls
into tissues
19.
complement proteins
group of plasma proteins that attach to foreign cells and
destroy them or tag them for dest
ruction
20.
interferons
small proteins secreted by virus
-
infected cells that
protect other cells nearby from being infected
©Science Island
2
21.
fever
abnormally high body temperature; response to invading
microbes
22.
antigens
foreign invaders that trigger an immune
response
23.
humoral immunity
employs antibodies in body fluids; also called antibody
-
mediated immunity
24.
cellular immunity
type of immunity that
uses living cells (lymphocytes) to
destroy infected cells directly or indirectly
25.
antibodies
specialized proteins produced in response to antigens
26.
B cells
produce antibodies, part of humoral immunity, develop in
bone marrow
27.
T cells
do not produce antibodies, part of cell
-
mediated
immunity, develop in the thymus gland
28.
clonal selection
rapid p
roduction of B cell clones that occurs during
humoral response
29.
plasma cells
type of B cell clone that produces antibodies
30.
memory B cells
type of B cell clone that remains in the body to fight
second exposure to the antigen
31.
secondary humoral
response
swift effective response by memory B cells to second
exposure
32.
active immunity
acquired during an infection or vaccination; provides
immunological memory
33.
passive immunity
acquired from mother's or donor's antibodies; no
immunological memory
34.
vaccines
lab
-
created preparations containing weakened, dead, or
partial microbes that stimulate a primary immune
response when introduced to the body
35.
immunoglobulins
another word for antibodies
36.
monoclonal antibodies
lab
-
produced molecules that act as
antibodies that bind
to only o9ne substance; used for diagnostic and
treatment purposes
37.
cellular immune
response
occurs when body cells that contain antigens are
destroyed; depends on macrophages and several types of
T cells
38.
cytotoxic T cells
type of
T cell clone that directly attacks infected cells and
cancer cells
39.
helper T cells
type of T cell clone that circulates through the body
stimulating other immune cells into action
40.
allergies
an abnormal immune response to a harmless substance
41.
mast
cells
releases histamine and other substances during
inflammatory and allergic reactions
42.
anaphylaxis
rare, acute, and systemic allergic reaction that can be life
-
threatening
©Science Island
3
43.
immunodeficiency
congen
ital or acquired deficiency in the number or
function of immune cells or complement
44.
AIDS
syndrome caused by the HIV virus which interferes with
the activity of helper T cells; acquired immune deficiency
syndrome
45.
autoimmune diseases
a variety of diseases caused by the immune system's
attacks on "s
elf" antigens
Types of Pathogenic
Organisms
•
Viruses
•
Bacteria
•
Protozoan
•
Fungi
•
Animal
•
Parasites
Defense Mechanisms
1.
External defense
2.
Internal Defense
3.
Immune Defense
Types of Immunity
•
Active Immunity
-
Naturally-Acquired Active Immunity
-
Artificially-Acquired Active Immunity
•
Passive Immunity
-
Naturally-Acquired Passive Immunity
-
Artificially-Acquired Passive Immunity
Respiratory System Key Terms
-capnia
-ptysis
Gastrointestinal
Absorption
•
Bowel elimination
•
Chyme
•
Colon
•
Defecation
•
Digestion
•
Duodenum
•
Elimination
•
Feces
•
Gastrointestinal
tract
•
Homeostasis
•
Ingestion
•
Peristalsis
PURPOSE of GI System
•
The GI system is responsible for
breaking down
food that is eaten,
into a form that can be used by
the body’s cells
.
•
Process
•
Mechanical
•
Chemical
Word Parts: Digestion &
Nutrition
Combining Form
Meaning
amyl(o)
starch
bil(i), chol(e)
bile or gall
glyc(o)
sugar
lact(o)
milk
lip(o)
fats
prote(o)
protein
Suffix
Meaning
Functions
-dipsia
thirst
-orexia
appetite
-pepsia
digestion
-stalsis
contraction
GI Major Structures
Structure
Combining Form
Mouth
or(o), stomat(o)
Esophagus
esophag(o)
Pharynx
pharyng(o)
Stomach
gastr(o)
Gallbladder
cholecyst(o)
Liver
hepat(o)
Pancreas
pancreat(o)
Salivary glands
sialaden(o)
Structure
Combining Form
Intestine
intestine(o)
Small Intestine
enter(o)
Duodenum
Duodenum
duoden(o)
Jejunum
jejun(o)
Ileum
ile(o)
Large Intestine
col(o), colon(o)
Rectum
rect(o)
Anus
an(o)
Gastrointestinal System
N&V
-nausea and vomiting
•
Anorexia
- loss or absence of appetite
•
Emaciation
-excessive leanness caused by
disease or lack of nutrition
•
Adipsia
-absence of thirst
•
Polydipsia
-excessive thirst
•
Eructation
- belching
•
Dysphagia
-difficulty or inability to swallow
•
Polyphagia
-excessive eating
•
Dyspepsia
-
faulty or painful digestion
•
Hyperemesis
-excessive vomiting
•
Hematemesis
-
vomiting blood
Aphagia
- inability to swallow
Stomatomycosis
-fungal conditions of the mouth
Glossopyrosis
-abnormal sensation of pain,
burning, & stinging of the tongue without lesions or
cause.
Stomatitis
- inflammation of the mouth
Cheilitis
- inflammation of the lips
Dentalgia
- toothache
Caries
-decay
Halitosis
-offensive or bad breath
Malocclusion
-improper bite
Gastritis
-inflammation of the stomach
Pyloric stenosis
- narrowing of the pyloric sphincter
Upper Digestive Tract
Pyorrhea
-type of periodontal disease in which the
gingiva & periodontal ligament are swollen.
Parotitis
-inflammation of the parotid gland
Cleft palate
-congenital disorder along with cleft lip
in which there is a division of the palate.
Esophageal achalasia
-condition in which the lower
esophageal sphincter fails to relax properly.
Esophageal atresia
-congenital abnormality in
which the esophagus ends in a blind pouch or
narrows so much that it obstructs food passage to
the stomach.
Esophageal varices
-enlarged swollen veins at the
end of the esophagus, susceptible to hemorrhage.
Hiatal hernia
-protrusion of the stomach upward
through a defect in the diaphragm.
Ulcerative Colitis
Ulcerative Colitis causes inflammation of and sores
in the lining of the large intestine
Crohn’s disease
•
Causes wall of small or large intestine to
become red, swollen, and sore
Hepatitis
•
Inflammation of the liver
Cirrhosis
ithotripsy
laparocholecystotomy
ascites
anastomosis
hyperalimentation
cholangitis
cheilorrhaphy
hepatoma
lavage
parental
antiemetics
hemorrhoidectomy
palatopharyngoplasty
glossorrhaphy
lipectomy
Urinary System
Functions of the Urinary System
* Maintains homeostasis by constantly filtering the blood to remove urea & other waste products
* Maintains the proper balance of water, salt. & other substances by removing or reabsorbing them
* Maintaining the blood pH
* Excreting waste products via the urine
* Production of renin, erythropoietin, & prostaglandins, as well as degradation of insulin & metabolism of Vitamin D
Urinary System Anatomy
Kidneys
Two kidneys
Two ureters
The urinary bladder
The urethra
The meatus
Function of the Urinary Anatomy
Kidneys
-produce urine
Ureters
•Tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder
Urinary bladder
•A very muscular organ that holds the urine until there is an urge to urinate.
Urethra:
-The tube that carries the urine from the bladder to the outside.
Medical Terms for Urinary Structures
Word Part
Meaning
Word Part
Meaning
ur(o), urin(o), -uria
urine, urination
glomerul(o)
glomerulus
bladder
pyel(o)
renal pelvis
cyst(o)
organs of reproduction
nephrlo), ren(o)
kidney
genit(o)
ureter(o)
vesic(o)
ureter
bladder or blister
gon(o)
rect(o)
genitals or reproduction
rectum
Catheterization
Urethral catheterization-insertion of a catheter via the urethra to the bladder; insertion of a catheter into the distal ends of the ureters, via the urethra into the bladder, then into the ureters using a cystoscope. May be surgically implanted through the abdominal wall.
Suprapubic catheterization-surgical insertion of a catheter through the skin above the pubic arch into the bladder.
Nephrostomy-surgical insertion of a catheter via a new opening in the renal pelvis through the overlying skin
Types of Tests
Specific Gravity - density of urine, measured w/urinometer
pH - parts Hydrogen, 1-acidic, 14=alkaline
• 4.6-8.0 = normal
Hematuria - blood in urine, can be hidden (occult) - Glycosuria - sugar or glucose in urine, seen in diabetics Ketonuria- body burns fat for energy or fuel (abnormal)
Albuminuria - albumin in the urine
Proteinuria- protein in the urine, (albumin)
Urodynamic Studies
Cysto/metro/graphy- bladder + measure + process of recording, provides information about the pressure exerted on the bladder wall
Electro/myo/graphy-electricity + muscle + process of recording, evaluates the strength of the muscles used in voiding
Urethral pressure profile-provides information about the nature of urinary incontinence or retention.
Radiologic Tests
Cystography-radiography of the bladder
Nephrosonography-ultrasonic scanning of the kidney
Renal angiography- assessing the arterial blood supply to the kidneys
Renography-scanning the kidney for radioactivity
Urogram-radiographic image of the urinary system
Urethrography-radiography of the urethra
Renal transplant
Kegel exercises
Nephropexy
Pyeloplasty
Lithotomy
Pyelolithotomy
Lithotripsy
Nephrolithotomy
Cystectomy
Laproscopic nephrectomy
Ureterostomy
Renal carcinoma
Nephrostomy
Transureteroureterostomy
Cystotomy
TURP
ReproductiveSystem
Testes
•
Also called gonads
Epididymis
•
Sperm leave the testes
and enter the epididymis
•
Tightly coiled tube, 20
feet long
Function
–
Store sperm until it
matures
–
Produce fluid which
becomes part of semen
Vas Deferens
•
Function
–
Receives sperm from the
epididymis
–
Temporarily stores sperm
Seminal VesiclesFunction
–
Produces a thick,
yellow, rich in sugary
fluid that nourishes the
sperm
–
This fluid composes a
large part of the semen
Ejaculatory DuctsProstate Gland
•
Doughnut – shaped
•
Located below the bladder
•
Produces an alkaline secretion that increases
sperm motility and neutralizes the acidity of the
vagina
•
During ejaculation, the prostate gland
–
Contracts causing the expulsion of semen
–
Closes off the urethra, preventing urine passage through
the urethra
Word Parts
Male Reproductive Structures
Combining Form
Meaning
balan(o)
glans penis
epididym(o)
epididymis
orchi(o), orchid(o)
testicle
test(o), testicul(o)
testicle
pen(o)
penis
prostat(o) ile
Combining Form
Meaning
rect(o)
rectum
semin(o)
semen
sperm(o), spermat(o)-
spermatozoa
urethr(o)
Urethra
Prostatic Hypertrophy
•
Enlargement of the
prostate gland
Castration
Ovaries
•
Female gonads
Ovulation
•
The maturing and
release of an egg every
Fallopian Tubes
Word Parts-Female Genitalia
cervic(o)-neck; uterine cervix
colp(o), vagin(o)-
vagina
genit(o)- organs of
reproduction
hyster(o), uter(o)- uterus
metr(o)-
measure;
uterine tissue
oophor(o), ovari(o)-ovary
perine(o)-perineum
salping(o)-fallopian tube
vulv(o)-vulva
-
an,-ile-belonging or
pertaining to
lapar(o)-abdominal wall
men(o)-month
o(o)- egg (ovum)
top(o)-place or position
-tropin- that which
stimulates
Treatments
•
Sexually
Transmitted
Infections
STDs/STIs
•
Bacterial infections can be cured with
antibiotics
•
Ex. Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, Syphilis
•
Viral infections are present for a lifetime
•
Ex. HIV, Hepatitis, Herpes, Genital Warts
PRENATAL
DEVELOPMENT
STAGES OF A PREGNANCY.
Combining Form
Meaning
amni(o)
amnion
chori(o)
chorion
fet(o)
fetus
gonad(o)
gonads
o(o)
ovum
spermat(o)
sperm
Prefix
Meaning
secundi-
second
Suffix
Meaning
-blast
embryonic/
immature
gamete
-reproductive cell (ovum or
spermatozoon)
ovulation
- release of ovum from ovary
conception
-fertilization
endometrium
-inner lining of the uterus
zygote
-product of fertilization
placenta
-highly vascular structure that
nourishes the fetus
gestation
- another name for pregnancy
quickening
-first movement of fetus
Musculoskeletal System
Latin/Greek Root Words and English Meaning
-al
~ about
amphi- ~
both, on both sides
arthr- ~
joint
articulare/-is ~
joint
blast ~
produce, germinate
burs/bursis (Gk) ~
pouch
carpal
~ wrist
cephal
~ head
chondro ~
cartilage
clast(es)/ klastos (Gk) ~
breaker, broken
costal ~
rib
di ~
two, double
epi- ~
outer, upon
hydro
- ~ water
inter - ~
between two
-itis ~
inflammation of
meta
~ beyond
myel(o) ~
bone marrow
-oma ~
tumor, cancer
-osis ~
disease, condition
-osis ~ process
ossi- ~
bone
oste(o) ~
bone
peri ~
around
physis (Gk) ~
growth
por/poros (Gk) ~
passage, pore
sarc ~
flesh
scolio/skolios (Gk)
~ crooked
syn ~
join
Breakdown and Definition of Anatomical Terms
First, separate the compound word into its roots
with forward slashes. Then write the English meaning of the roots sequentially on the line between the
forward slashes. Third, write the fluent definition that accurately describes the compound term for the
select questions. Refer to the example
A
/
chromat
/
opsia
Lacking/Color/Vision
Definition:
Achromatopsia is a condition of color-blindness.
Vocabulary
arthro-
joint
chondro cartilage cost-
rib
crani-
skull
carp-
wrist
myelo- bone marrow, spinal cord osse-, ossi, oste-, osteo - bone
-ectomy surgical removal of
-otomy
to cut into
-osis condition
Bones
• Framework of the body- gives shape to the body
• Maintains posture
• Gives support
• Allows body to move
• Protects the organs
• Stores calcium and phosphorus
• Produces heat
• Produces some blood cells
Functions of Bones
• Framework
- Supports muscle, fat and skin
• Protection
- Surrounds & protects vital organs
- EX: skull, ribs, pelvis
• Levers
- Muscles attach to bones to provide movement
• Production of blood cells
- Red and white blood cells and platelets
• Storage
- Calcium
General Woras Useu w
Describe Bones
embryonic form
bone marrow or spinal cord bone or bony element
Word Part
Meaning
blast(o), -blast
myel(o)
osse(o)
oste(o)
bone
Combining Form
Bones
Name
cost(o)
costae
ribs
crani(o)
cranium
skull
rachi), rachi(o), spin(o)
vertebral
spine
spondylo), vertebr(o)
vertebrae= bones of spine
stern(o)
sternum
breastbone
Cartilage
• Flexible, protective substance covering ends of movable bones
• Also found in the nose, rib cage, and ear, bronchial tubes, and intervertebral discs
• Not as hard and rigid as bone but is stiffel and less flexible than muscle
Ligaments
• Strong fibrous bands
• Connect bone to bone
• Help support and joint and joint movement
• Provide stability to a joint during rest and movement.
Tendons
• Tough bands of connective tissue
• Anchor or connect muscles to bones
• Capable of withstanding tension
• Tendons are similar to ligaments and fascia as they are all made of collagen, * except that ligaments join one bone to another bone, and fascia connect muscles to other muscles.
Function of the Muscular
System
• Made of groups of tissues that help the body move
• Support the body
• Protect organs
• Create heat
• Over 600 muscles
• 3 types- skeletal, smooth or visceral, & cardiac muscles
Muscle Movements
• Adduction
- Moving a body part toward the midline
Abduction
• Moving a body part away from the midline
Flexion
• Decreasing the angle between 2 bones or bending a body part
Extension
• Increasing the angle between 2 bones or straightening a body part
Rotation
• Turning a body part around its own axis
Circumduction
• Moving in a circle at a joint while the other end stays stationary
Atrophy
• Lack of muscle tone
• Occurs when muscles are not used for a long period of time they shrink in size and lose strength
Contracture
• A severe tightening of a flexor muscle resulting in a bending of a joint
• Ex: Foot drop
ROM (range of motion)
- Maximum amount of movement that
a healthy joint is capable of. Measured as AROM, AAROM,
PROM
Reflex hammer
- checks reflex action in response to a
stimulus
Electromyography
(EMG)-used to record the muscle
response to electric stimulation
Electromyogram
- record of the muscle muscle response to
electric stimulation
Bone densitometry-
determines bone mass
Myleosuppression
-inhibition of the bone marrow used to
diagnose leukemia, identify tumors, & determine the extent of
the condition.
Lumbar Puncture (LP)
- spinal tap
Diagnostic Test & Procedures
Arthrography
- radiographic visualization of a joint
Arthroscope
- instrument used to directly visualize the interior
of a joint
Arthrocentesis
- surgical puncture of a joint with a needle.
Obtains synovial fluid for diagnostic purposes.
Lab tests include:
antinuclear antibody test (ANA)-
diagnose lupus
erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)-
clotting factor-found
in many inflammatory processes
rheumatoid factor (RF)-
diagnoses rheumatoid arthritis
creatinine phosphokinease (CPK)-
indicates MI or heart
attack
calciuria
-checks calcium in urine
hypercalciuria
- often seen in metastatic bone disease
My/algia
- unpleasant sensory and emotional
experience associated with actual or potential
tissue damage
•
Fractures
– broken bone
•
Sprain
- an injury to ligaments, tendons, or
muscles @ a joint.
•
Strain
– damage from excessive force
•
Dislocation
-displac
Sprain
Twisting action tears ligaments
Strain
: pain, limited motion, muscle spasms,
possible muscle weakness, localized swelling,
cramping, inflammation, and some loss of
muscle function
•
Sprain
: pain, swelling, bruising, instability,
loss of the ability to move and use the joint
(called functional ability). Can vary in
intensity, depending on the severity of the
sprain. Sometimes people feel a pop or tear
when the injury happens.
Treatment of sprains and strains
Rice
•
Rest – do not use or put weight on injured part
•
Ice – to prevent or reduce swelling- always
protect skin
•
Compression – with elastic bandage
•
Elevation – above the level of the heart
To be done until emergency help arrives.
Do
not use
instead of seeking medical help.
Must
have an x-ray to rule out fracture.
Dislocation
•
A bone is forcibly displaced from a joint
ankyl(o)
stiff
scler(o)
hard
troph(o)
nutrition
Suffix
Meaning
-asthenia
- weakness
-sarcoma
- malignant tumor
in the connective tissue
Stress & Trauma Injuries
●
impacted fracture
-one bone fragment is firmly driven
into another
●
atrophy-
decrease in the size of an organ or tissue
●
comminuted fracture-
bone is broken into small
fragments
●
spiral fracture-
bone is twisted apart
●
transverse fracture
- break in the bone is at right
angles to the axis of the bone
●
myalgia or myodynia
-muscle pain
●
greenstick fracture
-bone is bent and fractured on one
side only
●
herniated disk
-rupture of an intervertebral disk
●
Dupuytren contracture
-a thickening & tightening of the
palmar fascia, causing the 4th or 5th digit to bend into
the palm & resist extension
Types of Fractures
•
Single fracture
•
Open fracture
•
Greenstick fracture
•
Complete fracture
•
Comminuted fracture
•
Bowing fracture
•
Bone broken into two
pieces
•
Bone cracks on one
side only, not all the
way through
•
Bone broken in one
place
•
Bone is broken into
more than two pieces
or crushed
•
Bone bends but
doesn’t break
•
Bone is sticking
through the skin
Simple and Compound Fractures
•
Simple
–
Clean break in the
bone
•
Compound
–
Bone breaks and
pierces skin
Stress & Trauma Injuries
●
Carpal tunnel syndrome-
trauma to median nerve in
the wrist from prolonged, repetitive movements
●
Tarsal tunnel syndrome-
ankle version on CTS
●
Temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
-clicking of the joint
when the jaw moves
●
Tarsoptosis
-prolapse of the tarsus, flatfoot
●
Hallux valgus
-bunion
●
Hammertoe
- toe permanently flexed at the
midphalangeal joint, producing a clawlike appearance
●
Corns
-hard masses of epithelial tissue overlying a bony
prominence
●
Calluses
-thickening of the outer layers of the skin at
points of friction or pressure
●
Crepitus
-the cracking sound produced when a bone
rubs against another bone or cartilage
Metabolic Disturbances
Bone metabolism is affected by nutrition, hormones, &
hereditary factors.
★
Osteomalacia-
softening of the bone
★
Osteoporosis-
reduction in the amount of bone mass &
increased porosity.
★
Paget disease
- skeletal disorder of unknown cause
characterized by
osteolysis
(bone destruction). Also
known as
osteitis deformans
.
★
Osteosclerosis
- excessive bone formation leading to
abnormal hardness
★
Calcipenia
- deficiency of calcium
★
Rickets
-insufficient calcium for bone mineralization
★
Osteopenia
- reduced bone mass
Osteoporosis
Softening of bone due to lack of
calcium
nfections
★
Osteitis-
inflammation of the bone
★
Osteomyelitis
-infection of the bone & bone marrow
★
Myelitis
- inflammation of the bone marrow or spinal
cord.
★
Cellulitis/Myocellulitis
-acute, spreading, swollen, pus-
forming inflammation of the deep subcutaneous tissues.
Tumors and Malignancies
★
Chondrogenic
- tumors developing in the cartilage.
★
Chondroma
- benign tumor or tumor-like growth of
mature cartilage
★
Osteochondroma
-most common bone tumor, tumor
composed of bone and cartilage.
★
Osteogenic
-tumors arising in the bone
★
Fibrogenic
-tumors derived of fibrous tissue
Metastatic bone cancer occurs more frequently than
primary bone cancer.
Osteosarcoma
❖
Chondrosarcoma
❖
Fibrosarcoma
❖
Ewing sarcoma
❖
Multiple myeloma- malignant neoplasm of the bone
marrow that disrupts & destroys bone function.
❖
Leukemia
➢
lymphocytic
➢
lymphoblastic
➢
myelocytic
➢
myelogenous
Congenital Defects
❖
Spina bifida
-defective closure of bones in the spine
❖
Dystrophy
-abnormal condition caused by defective
nutrition (-trophy)
❖
Muscular dystrophy
- group of inherited diseases that
are characterized by weakness & atrophy of muscle.
❖
Polydactyly
- presence of many digits on the hands or
feet (polydactylism)
❖
Syndactyly
-congenital anomaly of the hands or feet,
marked by webbing between adjacent digits
(syndactylism)
❖
Craniocele
-hernial protrusion of the brain through a
defect in the skull
❖
Rachischisis
-a split or fissure in the vertebrae
❖
Sternoschisis-
fissure of the sternum
Lupus erythematosus-
butterfly rash across nose.
●
Systemic scleroderma
- characterized by
inflammation, fibrosis, & sclerosis of the skin & vital
organs
●
Sjogren syndrome
-deficient fluid production,
leading to dry eyes, mouth, & other mucous
membranes.
●
Gout
-inability to metabolize uric acid
●
Lyme disease
-infection caused by deer tick
●
Polymyositis
-inflammatory myopathy that involves
many muscles & leads to atrophy.
●
Myolysis
-destruction of muscle
●
Myomalacia
- softening of muscle tissue
●
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
- disabling fatigue
Orthopedics
splint
-immobilizes, restrains, or supports an injured part
cast
-stiffer, more solid dressing form with plaster
traction-
use of a pulling force to a part of the body to
produce alignment & rest, correcting the deformity
closed reduction
-pulling a broken bone into alignment
without surgery
open reduction
-exposing a bone by surgery & aligning it.
internal fixation
-surgery that uses pins or other materials
to stabilize a broken bone
external fixation
-surgery that uses pins or other materials
to stabilize a broken bone
Suffix:
-clasia
-desis
Meaning:
break
binding; fusion
antiarthritics-
various forms of therapy that
relieve the symptoms of arthritis, as well as
antiarthritic drugs which reduce inflammation
& pain
★
uricosurics-
drugs that increase the urinary
excretion of uric acid in the treatment of gout.
★
myelosuppressive-
inhibiting bone marrow
activity
★
autologous therapy
- receive one stem cells
Rice
•
Rest – do not use or put weight on injured part
•
Ice – to prevent or reduce swelling- always
protect skin
•
Compression – with elastic bandage
•
Elevation – above the level of the heart
To be done until emergency help arrives.
Do
not use
instead of seeking medical help.
Must
have an x-ray to rule out fracture.
Dislocation
•
A bone is forcibly displaced from a join
ankyl(o)
stiff
scler(o)
hard
troph(o)
nutrition
Suffix
Meaning
-asthenia
- weakness
-sarcoma
- malignant tumor
in the connective tissue
a-
(Gk.)
~ not, without
acidus- (L)
~ acidic, having a low pH
-algia
(L)/algos (Gk.)
~ pain
-asthenia ~
weakness
collum ~
neck
contractura ~
to draw together
dys- ~
abnormal
fascia
~ band, surface
fibro ~
fibrous tissue
gravis ~
grave or serious
hyper- ~
excessive
hypo- ~
lacking, deficient
-itis ~
inflammation of
lactic ~
of (sour) milk
my(o)- ~
muscle
-osis ~
medical condition
-pathy/-pathia (L) ~
disorder, suffer, disease
planta
(L)
~ foot sole
tetanus (L)/tetanus (Gk.)
~ a stretching, tension
tonia
~ muscle tension
tortus
(L)
~ twisted
-trophy
~ nourishmen
Nervous System
Nervous System Overview
•
Nervous system consists of:
–
Brain
–
Spinal cord
–
Nerves
•
Functions of nervous system
–
Regulates and coordinates all body activities
–
Center of all mental activity, including thought, learning, and
memory
Nervous System Divisions
•
Central nervous system (CNS)
–
Brain
–
Spinal cord
–
Processes and stores sensory and motor information
–
Controls consciousness
Nervous System Divisions
•
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
–
12 pairs of cranial nerves
–
31 pairs of spinal nerves
–
Transmits sensory and motor impulses back and forth between CNS
and rest of body
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
•
Afferent (sensory) nerves
–
Carry impulses from the body to the central nervous system
•
Efferent (motor) nerves
–
Carry impulses from the central nervous system to muscles and
glands
–
Cause the target organs to do something in response to commands
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
•
Somatic nervous system (SNS)
–
Provides voluntary control over skeletal muscle contractions
•
Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
–
Provides involuntary control over smooth muscle, cardiac muscle,
and glandular activity and secretions in response to the commands
of the central nervous system
Sympathetic nerves
–
Increase heart rate
–
Constrict blood vessels
–
Raise blood pressure
–
Fight-or-flight response
Parasympathetic nerves
–
Slow heart rate
–
Increase peristalsis of intestines
–
Increase glandular secretions
–
Relax sphincters
dendr(o)
gli(o)
nerv(o), neur(o)
Meaning:
tree
neuralgia or a sticky
substance
nerve
Cells of the Nervous System
•
Neuron
–
Cell body
•
Contains the nucleus and cytoplasm
–
Axon
•
Conducts impulses away from the cell body
•
Some axons are covered with a myelin sheath (white matter).
•
Those not myelinated appear grayish & are called gray matter.
Cells of the Nervous System
•
Neuron
–
Dendrite
•
Conducts impulses toward the cell body
–
Synapse
•
Space between two nerves which the impulse must cross
Combining Form:
arachn(0)
cerebell(o)
cerebr(o), encephal(o)
myel(o)
mening(i), mening(o)
Meaning:
Spider or arachnoid
Cerebellum
Brain or cerebrum
Spinal cord or bone marrow
Meninges
Cerebral Cortex
★
Frontal lobe
-associated with personality, behavior,
emotion & intellect
★
Temporal lobe
-associated with hearing & smell
★
Occipital lobe
-associated with vision
★
Parietal lobe
-associated with language & the
general function of sensation
★
Insula lobe
-above the occipital lobe, deep within
the brain.
Cerebral Cortex
★
Cognitive function involving arousal mechanisms of the brain.
Stupor- patient is vaguely aware of environment
Coma- patient is unaware of environment
Sciatica
•
Defined
–
Inflammation of the sciatic nerve, causing pain & tenderness along
the course of the nerve through the thigh & leg.
–
Can arise from problems in the lower back as a result of a herniated
disk or arthritis
Headache (Cephalgia)
Cerebral Concussion
•
Defined
–
Brief interruption of brain function, usually with loss of
consciousness lasting for a few seconds
Hematomas
•
Epidural Hematoma-
Collection of blood located above the dura mater
and just below the skull
•
Subdural Hematoma-
Collection of blood below the dura mater and
above the arachnoid layer of the meninges
•
Intracerebral Hematoma-
Bleeding within the brain itself
–
Associated with a cerebral tear
Shingles
●
infection characterized by
inflammation of the underlying
spinal or cranial nerve pathway
producing painful, vesicular
eruptions on the skin along
these nerve pathways
Shingles
●
infection characterized by
inflammation of the underlying
spinal or cranial nerve pathway
producing painful, vesicular
eruptions on the skin along
these nerve pathways
Abnormal discharge of electrical activity in the brain
○
Also known as convulsions, assessed by EEG
●
Epilepsy-Syndrome of recurring episodes of excessive irregular
electrical activity, seizures, of the central nervous system
●
Narcolepsy-Rare syndrome of uncontrolled, sudden attacks of sleep.
Abnormal discharge of electrical activity in the brain
○
Also known as convulsions, assessed by EEG
●
Epilepsy-Syndrome of recurring episodes of excessive irregular
electrical activity, seizures, of the central nervous system
●
Narcolepsy-Rare syndrome of uncontrolled, sudden attacks of sleep.
Multiple Sclerosis
•
Defined
–
Degenerative inflammatory disease of the central nervous system
attacking the myelin sheath in the spinal cord and brain
•
Leaves area sclerosed (hardened) or scarred
•
Myelin sheath deteriorates & is replaced by scar tissue
Psychology
–
Study of behavior and processes of the mind as it
relates to the individual’s social and physical
environment
•
Psychologist
–
Professional who specializes in the study of the
structure and function of the brain and related
mental processes
•
Not a medical doctor
•
MA or PhD degree
Psychiatry
–
Branch of medicine that deals with the causes,
treatment, and prevention of mental, emotional, and
behavioral disorders
•
Psychiatrist
Combining Form:
ment(o), psych(o)
phren(o)
pyr(o)
schist(o), schiz(o)
Meaning:
Mind
Mind or diaphragm
Fire
split
–
An uncontrollable craving for food, often resulting in
eating binges, followed by vomiting to eliminate food
from stomach
•
Individual may feel depressed, go through a
period of self-deprivation, followed by another
eating binge, and the cycle continues
Bulimia
•
Defined
–
An uncontrollable craving for food, often resulting in
eating binges, followed by vomiting to eliminate foo
Anorexia Nervosa
Megalomania
- abnormal state in which one believes
oneself to be a person of great importance
–
Pyromania
- excessive preoccupation with fire
–
Kleptomania
-abnormal, uncontrollable urge to steal
Neurasthenia-
Nervous disorder characterized by
weakness
Psychosomatic
-having body symptoms of emotional origin
Pseudomania
- false or pretended mental disorder
Pseudoplegia
- hysterical paralysis
Schizophrenia
Amnesia
- loss of memory
Catatonia
- psychologically induced immobilization
Defense Mechanism-
any of a variety of usually
unconscious mental processes used to protect oneself
Delirium
-persistent belief or perception
Dementia
-
persistent organic mental disintegration
Hallucination
-sensory perception that does not result from
an external stimulus in an awake state
Illusion
-
false interpretation of an external sensory stimulus
Libido
-
psychic energy associated with sexual desire or
pleasure
Somnambulism
-
sleep walking
Nerve block anesthesia
-injecting an anesthetic across the
course of a nerve to inhibit the conduction of impulses
Sympathectomy
- procedure in which one or more
sympathetic nerves are severed
Epidural anesthesia
- injection of anesthetic into the
epidural space which contains spinal fluid & spinal nerves
Vagotomy
-severing various branches of the vagus nerve to
reduce the amount of acid secreted in the stomach.
Special Sense Organs
Intraocular-
inside the eye, within the eye
Extraocular
- outside the eye
Daltonism
- colors cannot be distinguished from
each other
Achromatic vision
- inability to see color at all
Achromatopsia-
profound inability to see color
Word Parts: Eye
Combining form:
choroid(o)
chrom(o)
conjunctiv(o)
corne(o), kerat(o)
dacryl(o), lacrim(o)
ir(o), irid(o)
Meaning:
Choroid
Color
Conjunctiva
Cornea
Tear
Iris
Word Parts: Eye
Combining form:
ocul(o), ophthalm(o)
opt(o), optic(o)
presby(o)
pupil(o)
retin(o)
ton(o)
Meaning:
Eye
Vision
Old or old age
Pupil
Retina
Tone or tension
Ophthalmoscope
-instrument used to examine eyes
Hyperopia
•
Pronounced
–
(high-per-
OH
-pee-ah)
•
Defined
–
Refractive error in which the lens of the eye
cannot focus on an image accurately
–
Results in blurred vision due to light rays
focused behind the retina because eyeball is
shorter than normal
–
Also called farsightedness
Myopia
Astigmatism
Strabismus/ Amblyopia
•
Pronounced
–
(strah-
BIZ
-mus)
•
Defined
–
Failure of eyes to gaze in same direction due
to weakness in muscles controlling position of
eye
•
Inherited defect in which the eye position
of the two eyes has no relationship
•
Correctable by wearing an eye patch
Blepharedema-
swelling of the eyelid
Blepharitis
- inflammation of the eyelid
Dacryocystitis
- inflammation of the lacrimal sac
caused by obstruction of the lacrimal ducts
Word Parts:
blephar(o)
-
algia
-
pathy
irid(o)
-
ectomy
-
otomy
lacrim(o)
-
edema
retin(o)
ophthalm(o)
-
itis
-
ology
labyrinth(o)
Endocrine System
Function First
★
The endocrine system cooperates with the
nervous system to maintain homeostasis by
regulating body activities.
★
Homeostasis
- a relative constancy in the
internal environment of the body.
Gland
★
A gland is an organ that has specialized cells
that secrete or excrete substances that are not
related to the gland’s ordinary metabolism.
★
Target organ-the organ or structure toward
which the effects of a hormone are primarily
directed.
Pituitary Gland
★
Referred to as “master gland”
○
Secretes hormones that control functions of
other glands
○
Known as hypophysis
○
Has two distinct lobes with specific functions
Pineal Gland
★
Tiny, pine cone-shaped gland
○
Located on dorsal aspect of midbrain region
○
Plays a part in supporting body’s biological
clock
■
Regulation of patterns of eating,
sleeping, and reproduction
○
Secretes melatonin
■
Induces sleep
Thyroid Gland
•
Located in the front
of the neck just
below the larynx, on
either side of the
trachea
–
Consists of a right
and left lobe
Thyroid Gland
•
Secretes triiodothyronine (T3)
–
Helps regulate growth and development of body
–
Helps control metabolism and body temperature
–
Secretes thyroxine (T4)
•
Helps maintain normal body metabolism
–
Secretes calcitonin
•
Helps regulate the level of calcium in the
blood
Parathyroid Gland
★
Four tiny, rounded bodies located on dorsal
aspect of thyroid gland
○
Secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH)
■
Also known as parathormone
■
Regulates level of calcium in blood
Parathyroid Gland
★
Four tiny, rounded bodies located on dorsal
aspect of thyroid gland
○
Secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH)
■
Also known as parathormone
■
Regulates level of calcium in blood
Adrenal Glands
★
Two small glands, one positioned atop each
kidney
★
Also known as suprarenal glands
○
Consists of an adrenal cortex and an adrenal
medulla
■
Each has independent functions
Pancreas
★
Elongated gland located in upper left quadrant
of the abdomen
○
Behind the stomach
★
Extends horizontally across the body
○
Beginning at first part of small intestines and
ending at edge of spleen
Ovaries (Gonads)
★
Female sex glands = female gonads
○
Pair of almond shaped glands
■
Located in upper pelvic cavity, on either
side of lateral wall of uterus
■
Near fimbriated ends of the fallopian
tubes
○
Responsible for producing mature ova and
releasing them at monthly intervals during
ovulation
Pituitary
“Master Gland” that regulates all other Endocrine Glands,
also releases growth hormone
Thyroid
Metabolism, body heat, bone growth
Parathyroids
Use of Calcium and Phosphorous
Hypothalamus
Links nervous system to endocrine system
Adrenal
Response in emergency or stressful situations, metabolism,
blood pressure, salt balance
Pancreas
Blood sugar
Ovaries
Production of eggs; female characteristics
Testes
Production of sperm; male characteristics
Thymus
Parts of the immune system
Acromegaly
Diabetes Insipidus
•
Pronounced
–
(dye-ah-
BEE
-teez
in-
SIP
-ih-dus)
•
Defined
–
Deficiency in secretion of antidiuretic
hormone (ADH) by posterior pituitary gland
–
Characterized by large amounts of urine and
sodium being excreted from the body
Gigantism
•
Pronounced
–
(
JYE
-gan-tizm)
•
Defined
–
Proportional overgrowth of body’s tissue due
to hypersecretion of human growth hormone
before puberty
Hypopituitarism
•
Pronounced
–
(
high
-poh-pih-
TOO
-ih-tah-rizm)
•
Defined
–
Complex syndrome resulting from absence or
deficiency of pituitary hormone(s)
Grave’s Disease-Hyperthryroidism
★
Defined
○
Hypertrophy of thyroid gland resulting in excessive secretion of
thyroid hormone
■
Causes extremely high body metabolism, thus creating
multisystem changes
★
Three characteristics:
○
Hyperthyroidism
○
Thyroid gland enlargement (goiter)
○
Exophthalmia
■
Unnatural protruding of the eyes
Hypothyroidism
Cushing’s Disease/Syndrome
★
Cluster of symptoms in the adrenal gland as a result of an
excessive amount of cortisol or ACTH circulating in blood
★
Symptoms:
■
Central obesity
■
Round “moon” face
■
Edema
■
Hypertension
■
Supraclavicular fat pads (buffalo hump
Hirsutism
★
Excessive growth & male distribution of body
hair in females.
★
Excessive growth of hair
Mastitis
★
Inflammatory condition of the breast that
occurs most frequently in lactating women.
★
Typically caused by a bacteria infection
○
Breast pain- mammalgia, mastodynia,
mastalgia
Mastitis
★
Inflammatory condition of the breast that
occurs most frequently in lactating women.
★
Typically caused by a bacteria infection
○
Breast pain- mammalgia, mastodynia,
mastalgia
d-
~ near
adeno-
~ glandular
anti-
~ against
-crine
~ to be released
cyt(e)
~ cell
diuresis/-ic
~ about urine production
-emia
~ blood
endo-
~ inner
epi-
~ outer
gluco
~ sugar
glyc
~ sugar
hyper-
~ excessive
Directions
hypo-
~ lacking, deficient
lact
~ milk
melano
~ dark
neph
~ kidney
physeal
~ to grow
-physis
~ to grow
poly-
~ several, excessive
pro-
~ for
renal
~ kidney
soma
~ body
-tropin
~ growth
-uria
~ urine
Integumentary System
FUNCTIONS
•
The skin is the external covering of the body and the body’s
largest organ.
•
DERMA mnemonic covers important functions
•
D Vitamin synthesis
•
Elimination of wastes through perspiration
•
Regulation of body temperature
•
Makes information about the environment available to the brain
•
Acts as a barrier to pathogens
Skin
Also called integument or cutaneous
cutane(o), derm(o), derm(a), dermat(o)
Epidermis
Dermis
Subcutaneous
Accessory Structures
Hair-pil(o), trich(o)
Arrector pili muscle-straightens hair follicles to raise the hair
causing goose bumps or goose flesh.
Nails-onchy(o), ungu(o)
Glands
Sudoriferous gland- Sweat-hidr(o)
Sebaceous gland- Sebum (oil)- seb(o)
Abrasion
•
Scraping or rubbing away of skin or mucous membrane as a
result of friction to the area
•
Example: carpet burn
•
Abscess
•
Localized collection of pus in any body part that results from
invasion of pus-forming bacteria
•
Example: pustule = small abscess
Blister
•
Small, thin-walled lesion containing clear fluid
•
Also known as a vesicle
•
Bulla
•
Large blister
•
Cyst
•
Closed sac or pouch in or within the skin; contains fluid,
semifluid, or solid material
PRIMARY SKIN LESIONS
•
Macule
•
Small, flat discoloration of the skin; neither raised nor
depressed
•
Example: bruises, freckles
•
Nodule
•
Small, circumscribed swelling protruding above the skin
•
Example: enlarged lymph node (1 cm or > in diameter)
PRIMARY SKIN LESIONS
•
Macule
•
Small, flat discoloration of the skin; neither raised nor
depressed
•
Example: bruises, freckles
•
Nodule
•
Small, circumscribed swelling protruding above the skin
Papule
•
Small, solid, circumscribed elevation on the skin
•
Example: pimple, wart, elevated mole
•
Plaque
•
Flat, dry, often raised patch.
•
Example: dandruff
•
Pustule
•
Small elevation of skin filled with pus
•
Example: small abscess on the skin
Scales
•
Thin flakes of hardened epithelium that are shed from the
epidermis
•
Scars
•
A mark remaining after the healing of a wound
•
Ulcer
•
Deep, irregular erosion (open sore )or lesion of skin that
extends to the dermis, accompanied by inflammation
•
Example: decubitus ulcer
Albinism
•
Condition characterized by
absence of pigment in the skin,
hair, and eyes
Cyanosis
•
A bluish discoloration of the
skin & mucous membranes
due to a lack of oxygen
Erythema
•
Redness or inflammation of the
skin or mucous membranes
that is the result of dilation of
the superficial capillaries
•
Example: sunburn
Ichthyosis
•
Any several of skin conditions
in which skin is dry and scaly,
resembling a fish.
•
Some forms are hereditary.
Jaundice
•
A yellow discoloration of the
skin and mucous membranes,
and the whites of the eyes.
Pediculosis
•
Infestation of human lice,
pediculus, of the scalp, skin, or
pubic hair region
Xeroderma
•
A mild nonhereditary form of
ichthyosis, which is
characterized by roughness
and dryness of the skin
Scleroderma
Word Part
Meaning
Word Part
Meaning
1
cutane/o
skin
26
sarc/o
connective tissue
2
derm/o
derm/a
dermat/o
skin
27
eschar
dead tissue, scab
3
ungu/o,
onchy/o
nails
28
hypo-
below, deficient
4
pil/o,
trich/o
hair
29
hyper-
above, excessive
5
hidr/o
sweat
30
epi-
above
6
seb/o
sebum, oil
31
-al
pertaining to
7
kerat/o
hard, horny
32
-oma
tumor
8
py/o
pus
33
-pathy
disease
9
scler/o
hard
34
-ectomy
incision, surgical
removal
10
adip/o
fat
35
-osis
abnormal condition
11
albin/o
white
36
-odia
smell
12
erythr/o
red
37
-plasty
surgical repair
13
jaund/o
yellow
38
-plasia
growth
14
cyan/o
blue
39
-malacia
softening
15
xer/o
dry
40
-ptosis
sagging
16
carcin/o
cancer
41
-ptysis
spitting
17
melan/o
black or dark
42
-pexy
fixation
18
necr/o
death
43
-therapy
treatment
19
leuk/o
white
44
-rrhea
discharge, flow
20
heli/o
light
45
-us, -um
structure, thing
21
rhin/o
nose
22
myc/o
fungi
23
rhytid/o
wrinkle
24
pyr/o
fever
25
prurit-
itching
dermat(o)
hidr(0)
-plasty
heli(o)
rhin(o)
hypo-
myc(o)
-derma
-oma
onchy(o)
-ectomy
-osis
pyo(o)
-malacia
-pathy
-therapy
-al
acne
(a variation of Gk
akme
) ~ eruption
-al
~ about
apo-
~ away from, separate
carcino
~ cancer
cera/cerumen-
~ wax
-crine
~ to secrete
cutane
~ skin
cyan
~ blue
cyst
~ capsule
-cyte
~ cell
derm
~ skin
ecchym
(from Gk
ek-
,
khumos
) ~ to pour out
eczema
(from Gk
ekzema
) ~ to break out
epi-
~ outer
germinativum
~ germinate, pour out
hypo- ~
beneath
-ic
~ nature of, like
integumentare
~ to cover
-
itis
~ inflammation of
melan
~ dark or black
-oma
~ tumor or cancer
-osis
~ condition
-ous
~ full of, having
psoria
(from Gk
psora
) ~ to itch
-
rrhea/-rrhe
~ flow, discharge
seb
(from Latin sebum) ~ hard fat, grease
stratified
(from L.
stratum
) ~ layers
sub
~ beneath
sudor-/sudorifer
~ sweat
therm
~ heat
Breakdown and Definition of Anatomical Terms
First, separate the compound word into its roots
with forward slashes. Then write the English meaning of the roots sequentially on the line between
forwarding slashes. Third, write the fluent definition that accurately describes the compound term for
the select questions. Refer to the example.
A
/
chromat
/
opsia
Lacking / Color / Vision
Definition:
Achromatopsia is a condition of color-blindness
—---------------------------------------------
Suffix, Pre, root
Suffix/Signs and Symptoms:
-rrhage, rrhagia=excessive bleeding or hemorrhage
-rrhea=flow or discharge
-rrhexis=rupture
-spasm=twitching or cramp
-stasis=stopping, controlling, remaining at a constant level
Suffix/Procedures:
-gram=record
-graph=an instrument used to record
-graphy=process of recording
-meter=instrument used to measure
-scope=instrument used for viewing
-scopy=visual examination
Combining Forms:
Echo, sono=sound
electro=electricity
fluro=emitting or reflecting
radio=radiant energy
tomo=to cut
Prefix:
ultra=excessive
Abbreviations:
MRI- Magnetic Resonance Imaging
CAT-Computed Axial Tomography
PET: Positron Emission Tomography
Combining Form Meaning
algesi(o) sensitivity to pain
chem(o) chemical
cry(o) cold
esthesi(o) feeling or sensation
pharmac(0),
pharmaceut(i) drugs or medicine
Combining Form Meaning
therapeut(o) treatment
therm(o) heat
tox(o), toxic(o) poison
narc(o) stupor
Prefix Meaning
An- no, not, without
Suffix Meaning
-therapy treatment
Suffix Meaning
-centesis puncture to aspirate or
remove fluid
-ectomy excision, cutting out
-lysis loosening, freeing, destroying
-pexy surgical fixation
-plasty surgical repair
-rrhaphy suture
-scope instrument used for
viewing
-scopy visual examination with a
lighted instrument
Suffix Meaning
-stomy formation of an opening
-tome an instrument used for
cutting
-tomy incision (cutting into
tissue)
-tripsy surgical crushing
Common Abbreviations Used on Prescriptions
Abbreviation Meaning
a.c. before meals
ad lib at pleasure, freely as needed
aq. water
b.i.d. twice a day
NPO nothing by mouth
p.o. Orally
p.r.n as needed, as the
occasion arises
Abbreviation Meaning
q every
q.i.d four times a day
stat immediately
t.i.d three times a day