gross anatomy (ana211)

Definition: Anatomical planes are imaginary lines that help define positions and locations within the body to ensure clarity in discussion and diagrams.
Types:
- Sagittal Plane: A vertical plane that divides the body into left and right sections.
- Coronal Plane: A vertical plane dividing the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) sections.
- Transverse Plane: A horizontal plane that divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) sections.

Definition: The anatomical position serves as the standard reference point for naming positions of body parts.
Description:
1. Body is standing upright, facing forward.
2. Arms are straight with hands at the sides, palms facing forward.
3. Feet are parallel with toes pointing forward.

Importance: Anatomical terms aid in avoiding ambiguities when describing locations of structures within the body.
Key Terms:
- Medial: Towards the midline of the body.
- Lateral: Away from the midline of the body.
- Anterior (ventral): Refers to the front of the body.
- Posterior (dorsal): Refers to the back of the body.
- Superior: Refers to a structure being higher than another.
- Inferior: Refers to a structure being lower than another.
- Proximal: Closer to the origin of a body part (used for limbs).
- Distal: Further away from the origin of a body part.

Function: Anatomical terms of movement describe the action of muscles on the skeleton.
Major Movements:
- Flexion: Decreases the angle between body parts (e.g., bending the elbow).
- Extension: Increases the angle between body parts (e.g., straightening the elbow).
- Abduction: Movement away from the midline (e.g., raising arms sideways).
- Adduction: Movement towards the midline (e.g., lowering arms to the sides).
- Medial Rotation: Rotation towards the midline.
- Lateral Rotation: Rotation away from the midline.
- Elevation: Movement in a superior direction (e.g., shoulder shrug).
- Depression: Movement in an inferior direction.
- Pronation: Rotation of the forearm so palms face down.
- Supination: Rotation of the forearm so palms face up.
- Dorsiflexion: Movement that decreases the angle between the dorsal aspect of the foot and the leg.
- Plantarflexion: Movement that increases the angle at the ankle joint (pointing the foot down).
- Inversion: Rotation of the foot so the sole points medially.
- Eversion: Rotation of the foot so the sole points laterally.
- Circumduction: Conical movement of a limb extending from the joint.

Divisions: The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, and hand. There are 30 bones in each arm:
- Arm: Humerus (1 bone).
- Forearm: Ulna (medial), Radius (lateral) (2 bones).
- Hand:
- Carpal Bones (8): Proximal row - Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform; Distal row - Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate.
- Metacarpal Bones (5): Each metacarpal connects carpal bones to phalanges.
- Phalanx Bones (14): 2 for the thumb and 3 for each finger.

Structure:
- Proximal End:
- Head: Articulates with glenoid cavity of scapula (glenohumeral joint).
- Greater and Lesser Tubercle: Muscle attachment sites.
- Intertubercular Groove: Passage for bicep tendon.
- Distal End:
- Medial Epicondyle: Larger for forearm muscle attachments.
- Trochlea: Pulley-shaped for ulna articulation (elbow joint).
- Capitulum: Articulates with radius.

Ulna:
- Structure: Medial bone of forearm, with trochlear notch for elbow joint formation.
- Key features: Coronoid process, olecranon process, ulnar tuberosity.
Radius:
- Structure: Lateral bone of forearm with head articulating with the humerus and ulna.
- Key features: Radial tuberosity for muscle attachment, ulnar notch for distal radioulnar joint.

Arrangement: 8 carpal bones divided into proximal and distal rows, facilitating wrist movement.
Proximal Row: Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform.
Distal Row: Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate.

Metacarpals (5): Extend from carpal bones to the phalanges, serving as the palm.
Phalanges (14): 2 for the thumb and 3 for each finger, allowing for grasp and manipulation.

Definition: Joints are points where two or more bones articulate.
Types:
- Fibrous Joints: Immovable, e.g., sutures of the skull.
- Cartilaginous Joints: Bones connected by cartilage, allowing slight movement; may be primary (synchondroses) or secondary (symphyses).
- Synovial Joints: Freely movable, composed of synovial fluid-filled cavities, allowing diverse movements such as hinge, ball and socket, pivot, and rotate.

Shoulder Muscles:
- Deltoid: Abducts the arm; originates from the clavicle and scapula, inserts on the humerus.
- Rotator Cuff: Includes supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, teres major, and subscapularis for arm rotation.
Arm Muscles:
- Biceps Brachii: Flexes elbow; innervated by musculocutaneous nerve.
- Triceps Brachii: Extends the elbow; innervated by the radial nerve.
Forearm Muscles:
- Flexor Group: Generally originate from the medial epicondyle and perform flexion at the wrist and fingers.
- Extensor Group: Originate from the lateral epicondyle and perform extension at the wrist and fingers.

Axilla: Pyramidal space allowing passage for nerves and vessels between the neck and upper limb; defined by the surrounding structures including pectoralis major and minor, scapula, and upper humerus.
Brachial Plexus: Network of nerves supplying the upper limb, formed from the roots of spinal nerves C5, C6, C7, C8, and T1.

Erb's Palsy: Injury to the upper brachial plexus causing loss of shoulder mobility.
Klumpke Palsy: Injury to the lower brachial plexus, affecting hand and finger function.
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: Caused by median nerve compression in the wrist, leading to pain and weakness.
Femoral Triangle and Canal: Important for clinical access to the femoral artery and potential sites for herniation.
Popliteal Fossa: Area containing important nerves and blood vessels of the leg, significant in knee surgeries and assessments.