Book 30 Glossary: Exhaustive Study Guide

Glossary Parts of Speech Abbreviations

• adj: Adjective
• adv: Adverb
• conj: Conjunction
• exp: Expression
• m: Modal
• n: Noun
• prep: Preposition
• v: Verb

Vocabulary: A - B

• abrupt (adj): Happening suddenly without warning.
      * Example: The abrupt loss of his job forced Caleb to move in with his parents.
• accord (n): A formal agreement.
      * Example: The two government branches finally reached an accord on the country's budget.
• additive (n): A substance added to something in small amounts to improve it.
      * Example: Some gasoline additives are supposed to help keep engines clean.
• adopt (v): To take for one's own.
      * Example: The army has adopted a new policy toward the press.
• ambiguous (adj): Not clear in meaning.
      * Example: He sent such an ambiguous letter, we weren't sure exactly what he wanted.
• amendment (n): A change made to an agreement, law, or document.
      * Example: The judge made an amendment to his earlier decision regarding the case.
• astonished (adj): Greatly surprised at something that was not expected.
      * Example: Bill was astonished to see the price of gas rise $16$ cents in $12$ hours.
• astonishing (adj): Causing a feeling of great surprise or amazement.
      * Example: It's astonishing that no two stars are alike.
• back on one's feet (exp): Recovered from financial, physical, or personal problems.
      * Example: Joe was back on his feet after losing his job but later finding a better one.
• base (on) (v): To establish or use as a foundation for.
      * Example: The judge based his decision on the facts.
• be in on (v): To have knowledge of or be involved in something.
      * Example: The whole family was in on John's surprise birthday party.
• boost (n):
      1. An increase or improvement.
      2. An act that helps or brings encouragement.
      * Example 1: Earning a Master's degree will give a boost to your career.
      * Example 2: Since Emma's feeling discouraged, why don't we give her a boost and take her to dinner?
• boost (v): To increase or raise in amount or quality.
      * Example: Winning the next scheduled game would boost the team's morale.
• bureau (n): A government department or division of a department.
      * Example: Farmers and ranchers get important information from the Texas Farm Bureau.
• burn down (v): To burn to the ground or destroy by fire.
      * Example: The house burned down after it was struck by lightning.

Vocabulary: C - D

• caution (v): To advise about the possibility of danger or a problem.
      * Example: The policeman cautioned the motorist about speeding.
• commit (v): To obligate someone to follow a course of action.
      * Example: She committed herself to running in the race.
• compensate (for) (v): To provide some kind of payment for injury, damage, or loss.
      * Example: The victim was compensated for the loss of her car.
• compliment (n): An expression of admiration or approval.
      * Example: Jason earned a lot of compliments for his performance in the soccer match.
• compliment (v): To express admiration or approval.
      * Example: This is delicious! I compliment you on your cooking.
• compressor (n): A machine that presses or squeezes gases together.
      * Example: A carpenter uses a nail gun, which is powered by an air compressor.
• concept (n): An idea or a thought.
      * Example: She has no concept of how a cell phone functions.
• condolence (n): An expression of shared sadness when someone has died (usually plural).
      * Example: Please accept my condolences on the death of your father.
• conflict (n): A fight or war.
      * Example: The navy lost $23$ ships in the conflict.
• conflict (v): To be against or in disagreement with someone or something.
      * Example: My son's story conflicts with what his teacher told me.
• constitution (n): The basic laws of a nation, state, or organization.
      * Example: Careful thought is mandatory when a new nation writes a constitution.
• contingency (n): An event that is uncertain or dependent upon something else.
      * Example: You need to have a contingency plan in case the main plan fails.
• contrary to (prep): Despite.
      * Example: Contrary to what she thought, the party was last night.
• conventional (adj): Usual or ordinary.
      * Example: That army is only equipped with conventional weapons.
• counter- (prefix): Against or opposite.
      * Example: The troops counterattacked at dawn.
• crank (n): An arm-like device used for turning things.
      * Example: In order to open and close this type of window, you must turn the crank.
• crumble (v): To fall apart or break into pieces.
      * Example: The earthquake caused many tall buildings to crumble.
• decorate (v): To make more pleasing by addition.
      * Example: After the builder finished the house, Mrs. Moore decorated it.
• democracy (n): A government by the people, directly or through elected or appointed representatives.
      * Example: Democracy will work only if voters are well informed.
• deposit (n): A natural accumulation, especially of a resource such as oil or gas.
      * Example: Natural gas deposits were discovered in the earth below my Uncle Ned's farm.
• derive (v): To obtain or receive from a source.
      * Example: The man derives his income from the sale of his paintings.
• deserve (v): To earn something because of a particular action or characteristic.
      * Example: After working so hard, you deserve a vacation.
• diminish (v): To become or cause to become smaller or less important.
      * Example: Plenty of rest and fluids should help to diminish the effects of your cold.
• do away with (v): To get rid of or eliminate.
      * Example: Please read the new operating procedures; we have done away with the old ones.
• Don't mention it (exp): An informal expression meaning "You're welcome" in response to "Thank you".
      * Example: When his friends thanked him for his help, Charlie simply said, "Don't mention it."

Vocabulary: E - I

• drift (v): To move along slowly as driven by the wind, waves, or current.
      * Example: The ships had to move carefully because there were large pieces of ice drifting in the water.
• duct (n): A pipe or tube that liquids or gases can pass through.
      * Example: If a duct has a leak, it's useless.
• employ (v): To use something for a purpose.
      * Example: The army employed cameras to secure the magazine.
• feasible (adj): Capable of being done.
      * Example: No one thought it was feasible for the youngest candidate to win the election, but he did.
• figure (n):
      1. An amount expressed in numbers.
      2. The indistinct shape of a person or animal.
      * Example 1: Read the entire report if you want to see the figures that support the cost estimate.
      * Example 2: The figure in the dark corner was hard to identify.
• for lack of (prep): Due to insufficiency of something.
      * Example: I couldn't buy a new car for lack of money.
• for the sake of (prep): In order to help or benefit someone or something.
      * Example: For the sake of the entire country, we must elect the best person to be President.
• formulate (v): To make or create by planning and thought.
      * Example: The general was forced to formulate a new plan of attack.
• fraction (n): A very small part of something.
      * Example: Only a fraction of the work was completed on time so the manager was fired.
• fully (adv): Completely.
      * Example: The soldiers were fully prepared for the attack.
• funeral (n): A ceremony held for a person who has died.
      * Example: Only close family attended Mr. Smith's funeral.
• furnace (n): A machine for producing heat.
      * Example: Some furnaces are wood-burning.
• global (adj): Relating to the entire world.
      * Example: Global warming will continue to be a problem for many years.
• grateful (adj): Thankful or appreciative.
      * Example: I'm grateful to you for all your help.
• gratitude (n): Appreciation and thankfulness.
      * Example: We should express our gratitude to all veterans for their service.
• grief (n): Deep sadness (usually due to a person's death).
      * Example: The grief that we felt when our grandmother died was tremendous.
• hook up (v): To attach or connect.
      * Example: He hooked up the new speakers to his computer.
• horsepower (n): A unit for measuring the power of engines.
      * Example: Engines of small cars usually have less horsepower than engines of large cars.
• in essence (exp): Basically or fundamentally.
      * Example: The president said, in essence, that there will be no new taxes.
• in opposition to (prep): Against or opposing.
      * Example: The people marched in opposition to the government's new law.
• in search of (exp): Looking for.
      * Example: Since childhood, he has been in search of true happiness.
• in working order (exp): Functioning properly.
      * Example: I need to replace some parts to get your car back in working order.
• intake (n): A place where liquid or air is drawn in.
      * Example: The engine's intake valves allow fuel and air to enter the cylinders.
• invert (v): To turn upside down.
      * Example: Some pilots can invert their aircraft during flight maneuvers.
• invite over (v): To ask to visit at one's home.
      * Example: Paul invited some of his classmates over to watch the football game on his new TV.
• It's a shame (that)… (exp): It's regrettable (that)…
      * Example: It's a shame that Bob missed the last flight home.

Vocabulary: J - O

• joint (adj): Shared by or involving two or more people or groups.
      * Example: The two governments issued a joint statement.
• just the same (exp): Anyway, nevertheless.
      * Example: The information wasn't new, but he kept it in the report just the same.
• keep an eye on (exp): To pay constant attention to.
      * Example: Keep an eye on the weather so you'll know if your flying lesson should be delayed.
• kid (n): A child (informal).
      * Example: Linda and Neal are always tired because they have four young kids to care for.
• link (n): Something that connects two or more things.
      * Example: The pictures were a link to his past.
• make up for (v): To do or have something as a way of correcting or improving something.
      * Example: He has promised to make up for his bad behavior.
• -mate (n): Added to the end of a word to show a connection.
      * Specific variants: classmate, teammate, etc.
      * Example: During the game, Jason’s teammates helped him make a goal.
• mayor (n): An elected official of a city or town.
      * Example: The mayor of New York works hard for the good of the public.
• mechanized (adj): Automated, done with, or having machines.
      * Example: Army officers must complete the mechanized infantry course.
• microphone (n): A device which helps to increase the volume of or record a sound.
      * Example: If John speaks too softly during the briefing, he’ll have to use a microphone.
• missing (adj): Lost or absent.
      * Example: Two pilots are missing in action.
• mobile (adj): Movable.
      * Example: The marines had ten mobile missile launchers.
• mobility (n): Ability to be moved.
      * Example: After his accident, Jeff lost mobility in his right thumb.
• nozzle (n): A device used to speed up or slow down the flow of liquid.
      * Example: You attach a nozzle to the garden hose to direct the water to the plants.
• objective (n): A goal or purpose.
      * Example: The main objective of this class is to improve your English.
• office (n): A job of authority, especially in the government.
      * Example: The office of police chief has many important responsibilities.
• operation (n): A planned action which involves many people or parts.
      * Example: The operation to secure the coast was a success.
• opponent (n): A person on the opposing side.
      * Example: Their opponent in this game will be a team from Spain.
• originate (v): To start or create.
      * Example: We’ll follow the plan of attack Headquarters originated.

Vocabulary: P - R

• pass (v): To officially approve.
      * Example: The legislature passed a law providing financial help to students.
• pattern (n): A repeated series of behaviors or actions.
      * Example: The enemy's movements followed a clear pattern.
• praise (v): To express admiration and approval.
      * Example: The colonel praised the men for their excellent performance.
• priority (n): Something so important that it needs to be done before other things.
      * Example: The soldiers who are badly wounded will be given priority.
• prison (n): A building where criminals are confined.
      * Example: The man had to stay in prison for $20$ years for the crime he committed.
• prisoner (n): A person confined.
      * Example: He stayed a prisoner for three years before he received his freedom.
• proportion (n): A share or percentage of the whole.
      * Example: A large proportion of the class was absent.
• punish (v): To make someone undergo hardship for a crime or disobedience.
      * Example: Article $15$ is used to punish military personnel for unacceptable behavior.
• ratio (n): The relationship comparing the size, quantity, or amount of two things.
      * Example: The number of enemy troops exceeded our number by a ratio of $2:1$.
• reciprocate (v): To return actions or feelings in a similar or equal way.
      * Example: I couldn't accept such an expensive gift without reciprocating.
• religion (n): An organized belief system, usually based on belief in a higher non-human power.
      * Example: Bob's religion doesn't allow eating meat on Friday.
• religious (adj): Exhibiting and following the rules and values of a person's belief system.
      * Example: A person's religious belief is private and personal.
• remainder (n): The part of something that has not been used or taken.
      * Example: They drilled till noon and studied the remainder of the day.
• research (n): An investigation to get facts.
      * Example: He had to do a lot of research in order to complete the job.

Vocabulary: S - T

• residue (n): That which remains or is left over, usually after some kind of chemical or physical process.
      * Example: Certain types of soap leave a residue in the bathtub.
• run for (v): To make an effort to win elected office.
      * Example: Mr. Smith decided to run for governor of Texas.
• secure (v): To make safe.
      * Example: The first thing an army must do is secure its supply lines.
• seep (v): To slowly move or pass through small openings in something.
      * Example: Rain water seeps into the earth.
• senator (n): An elected official.
      * Example: Each US state has two senators representing the state in Washington.
• send for (v): To request by message that someone come, or something be sent, to someone.
      * Example: The principal sent for the boys who were fighting in class.
• service (n): A religious ceremony.
      * Example: The wedding service was beautiful.
• set about (v): To begin a job or a project.
      * Example: I finally set about cleaning the garage.
• setting (n): Time and place; environment.
      * Example: The setting of the story is $19^{th}$ century England.
• shall (m): In the form of a question, it expresses a suggestion.
      * Example: Shall we have lunch at noon today?
• shocked (adj): Greatly surprised in an upsetting and disturbing manner.
      * Example: Jill had a shocked look on her face when I told her the news of the fire.
• shocking (adj): Surprising in a disturbing way.
      * Example: The rise in crime is a shocking reality people must accept.
• simulate (v): To give the appearance of, or to imitate.
      * Example: The marines simulated an attack on the city in order to keep the enemy from discovering the real objective.
• simultaneous (adj): Occurring at the same time.
      * Example: Upon meeting, the two men gave simultaneous greetings.
• souvenir (n): Something that serves as a reminder.
      * Example: During his visit, he bought many souvenirs to take home to his family.
• speak up (v): To speak louder.
      * Example: Speak up! We can't hear you!
• speech (n): A formal talk given to the public.
      * Example: Governor Smith's speech made a lot of voters enthusiastic.
• spray (v): To force liquid out of something in a mass of small drops.
      * Example: Firemen use huge hoses to spray fires with water.
• stick around (v): To remain or stay.
      * Example: Mark asked us to stick around after the party to help clean up.
• stick by (v): To stay loyal to or support someone or something.
      * Example: He told Mary he would stick by her no matter what happened.
• sympathy (n): A feeling of sadness for another person's troubles.
      * Example: Rosa felt sympathy for Elliot when he lost his job.
• tactic (n): A means or plan used to achieve a goal.
      * Example: The battle was won because of superior tactics, not by superior numbers.
• task (n): A specific action, often one of several actions to accomplish a larger goal.
      * Example: In this examination, you're asked to perform seven tasks.
• thereby (adv): By that method, that act, that document, etc.
      * Example: The young woman studied engineering in college, thereby increasing her chances of getting a high-paying job.
• tragic (adj): Terrible, serious, or very sad—usually about death.
      * Example: The tragic news of Sam's death upset everyone in the company.

Vocabulary: U - W

• underground (adv): Below ground.
      * Example: The water supply is located underground.
• upside down (adv): In a position with the top turned to the bottom.
      * Example: Some aircraft can hover, fly backward, and turn upside down.
• welcome (v): To accept with pleasure.
      * Example: Donations for the construction of a new school are welcome.
• What a shame (that) … (exp): Expresses a feeling of shared disappointment.
      * Example: What a shame that Betty failed her driver's test.
• with respect to (prep): In regard to, concerning.
      * Example: With respect to the pay raise, it has been approved.