EXAM 1 questions on test

Exam 1 Week 3 Study Notes

Microscopic Study of Tissues

  • Definition: Histology is the microscopic study of tissues.

Ribosomal Protein Synthesis

  • Cease Condition: Ribosomal protein synthesis ceases during a severe hypoxic state.

Cell Organelles and Energy Needs

  • Organelles: Mitochondria are the cell organelles that differ in number according to the cell's energy needs.

Adrenoleukodystrophy (X-Linked)

  • Characteristic: The accumulation of long-chain fatty acids in the nervous system due to defective peroxisomes that no longer break them down causes demyelination.

Tetracycline Mechanism

  • Mechanism: Tetracycline interferes with bacterial protein synthesis by affecting the function of bacterial ribosomes.

DNA Location in the Cell

  • Location: The DNA is housed in the nucleus.

Muscle Tissue Size Loss

  • Term: The loss in size of muscle tissue seen in a bedridden and elderly patient is called atrophy.

Cellular Damage from Ischemia

  • Term: The term that best fits cellular damage occurring during prolonged ischemic attacks is infarction.

Therapeutic Cloning

  • Field: Therapeutic cloning involves harvesting embryonic stem cells and performing nuclear transfer.

Pulse Oximeter

  • Function: A pulse oximeter measures saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen (SaO₂).

Hypertension Compliance

  • Worst-Case Scenario: A noncompliant hypertensive patient is at elevated risk of aneurysm.

Apoptosis

  • Definition: Genetically programmed cell death that destroys cells no longer needed is termed apoptosis.

Wilson Disease

  • Common Presentation: The most common initial/early presentation of adults with Wilson disease includes after copper metabolism excess copper in liver & brain metabolize affect liver and other tissues including eyes

Familial Hypercholesterolemia

  • True Statement: Children are at risk for early acute myocardial infarction due to familial hypercholesterolemia.

Cystic Fibrosis

  • Condition Description: A defect in the chloride channel gene leads to thick mucus, resulting in recurrent pneumonias and early death — this condition is cystic fibrosis.

Lysosomal Storage Diseases

  • Non-Lysosomal Disease: Wilson disease is NOT classified as a lysosomal storage disease.

Genes Characteristics

  • Characteristics: Genes have codons that signal when protein production should begin or stop.

Nucleotide Pairing in DNA

  • Correct Pairing: The correct pairing for nucleotides in DNA is Adenine-Thymine (A-T) and Cytosine-Guanine (C-G).

Nutrition for Wound Healing

  • Recommended Plan: For wound healing in a malnourished patient with a large wound, dietary supplements like Ensure, Enlive, or Carnation Instant Breakfast are advised.

Keloid Definition

  • Definition: Keloid refers to hyperplasia of scar tissue that extends beyond the wound borders.

Chemotaxis

  • Definition: The movement of white blood cells (WBC) in response to chemicals from damaged tissue is known as chemotaxis.

Evisceration Complication

  • Description: If a post-operative wound tears open and exposes the bowel, the complication is referred to as evisceration.

Histamine Release

  • Responsible Cell: Basophils are primarily responsible for the release of histamine.

Phagocytosis in Blood Components

  • Responsible Component: White blood cells perform phagocytosis.

Ebola Virus

  • Definition: A severe hemorrhagic virus that is a filovirus, transmitted person-to-person through blood or body fluids, with a mortality rate of up to 90% is known as the Ebola virus.

Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) Diagnosis

  • Gold Standard: The definitive/best test to confirm Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is a biopsy of the brain done postmortem.

Viruses and Host Replication

  • Definition: Viruses rely on the host to replicate and cannot reproduce independently.

Cholera Transmission

  • Transmission Vector: Cholera is primarily transmitted by ingesting food or water contaminated by the feces of an infected person.

Serological Testing Example

  • Example: An antibody titer and levels of immunoglobulin from a blood sample serve as examples of serological testing.

Spanish Flu Pathogen

  • Pathogen: The pathogen that caused the Spanish flu of 1918 was the influenza virus.

Tuberculosis (TB) Test Interpretation

  • Interpretation: A chemotherapy patient with a 5-mm induration on the Mantoux test indicates a positive test and potential exposure to TB.

Hypogammaglobulinemia Statement

  • Incorrect Statement: The statement "Decreased levels of immunoglobulin M (IgM) are the strongest indicator of the disease" is incorrect.

Hypersensitivity Type

  • Type Identification: A rash on the hands two days after gardening is classified as Type IV delayed hypersensitivity.

B Cells Production Location

  • Production Location: B cells are NOT created in the thymus.

Innate Immunity

  • Definition: Innate immunity includes defenses you are born with, including natural anatomic barriers.

Myeloid Stem Cell Derivatives

  • Exclusion: Lymphocytes are NOT derived from myeloid stem cells.

Hematologic Neoplasm Diagnosis Support

  • Non-Supporting Result: A vital sign showing the patient as afebrile and having gained 25 lbs since the last visit six months ago does NOT support a hematologic neoplasm diagnosis.

Common Leukemia in Children

  • Most Common: The most common leukemia in children is acute lymphocytic leukemia.

White Blood Cells Terminology

  • Medical Term: The medical term for white blood cells (WBCs) is leukocytes.

Hematologic Cancer Causes

  • Incorrect Cause Statement: The statement "Drinking any alcohol can cause hematologic cancer" is NOT true.

Increased Reticulocyte Count

  • Cause: A condition leading to increased reticulocyte count is excess blood loss from the body.

Normal Blood Count in Adult Males

  • Normal Lab Values: Normal lab values indicating a normal blood count in adult males are: Hemoglobin 15.2 mg/dL, Hematocrit 49%, RBC count of 5 × 10⁶.

Sickle Cell Trait Probability

  • Probability: If both parents have sickle cell trait, the chances for their child are 25% for sickle cell anemia and 50% for sickle cell trait.

Anemia Treatment

  • Treatment: The patient receiving epoetin-alpha is being treated for anemia due to renal failure.

Microcytic Hypochromic Anemia Diet

  • Diet Recommendation: For microcytic hypochromic anemia, the best diet recommendation includes foods rich in iron and vitamin C.

Extrinsic Pathway of Coagulation

  • Incorrect Statement: The statement "It is measured by the activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT)" is incorrect regarding the extrinsic pathway.

Essential Thrombocytosis

  • Observation: In essential thrombocytosis, a lower than normal number of platelets would NOT be seen.

Deep Venous Thrombosis Risks

  • Increased Risk: Deep venous thrombosis significantly increases the risk of pulmonary embolism.

Common/Final Pathway of Coagulation

  • Incorrect Statement: The statement "It does not require vitamin K to function properly" is incorrect regarding the common/final pathway.

Hemophilia Disorders

  • Classification: Hemophilia A and B are genetic disorders.

  • Histology: Microscopic study of tissues.

  • Ribosomal Synthesis: Ceases during severe hypoxia.

  • Mitochondria: Organelles differ by energy needs.

  • Adrenoleukodystrophy: Causes demyelination due to fatty acid buildup.

  • Tetracycline: Inhibits bacterial protein synthesis.

  • DNA Location: Found in the nucleus.

  • Muscle Atrophy: Size loss in bedridden elderly.

  • Ischemia Damage: Prolonged ischemia leads to infarction.

  • Therapeutic Cloning: Involves stem cell harvesting and nuclear transfer.

  • Pulse Oximeter: Measures blood oxygen saturation (SaO₂).

  • Hypertension: Noncompliant patients risk aneurysm.

  • Apoptosis: Programmed cell death.

  • Wilson Disease: Initial psychiatric symptoms in adults.

  • Familial Hypercholesterolemia: Risk for early myocardial infarction.

  • Cystic Fibrosis: Caused by chloride channel gene defect.

  • Lysosomal Diseases: Wilson's disease isn't classified as one.

  • Genes: Codons signal protein production.

  • DNA Pairing: A-T and C-G pairings.

  • Wound Healing Nutrition: Supplements for malnourished patients.

  • Keloid: Hyperplasia of scar tissue beyond wound borders.

  • Chemotaxis: WBC movement in response to chemicals.

  • Evisceration: Complication of wound tearing open.

  • Histamine: Released by basophils.

  • Phagocytosis: Performed by WBCs.

  • Ebola Virus: Highly lethal hemorrhagic filovirus.

  • CJD Diagnosis: Gold standard is postmortem brain biopsy.

  • Viruses: Rely on hosts to replicate.

  • Cholera: Transmitted via contaminated food/water.

  • Serological Testing: Antibody titers and immunoglobulin levels.

  • Spanish Flu: Caused by influenza virus.

  • TB Test: Positive with 5-mm induration on Mantoux test.

  • Hypogammaglobulinemia: IgM decrease not a strong indicator.

  • Hypersensitivity: Rash from gardening is Type IV.

  • B Cell Production: Not in the thymus.

  • Innate Immunity: Born defenses, natural barriers.

  • Myeloid Stem Cell: Lymphocytes not derived from here.

  • Hematologic Neoplasm: Afebrile and weight gain do not support diagnosis.

  • Leukemia: Most common in children is acute lymphocytic.

  • Leukocytes: Medical term for WBCs.

  • Hematologic Cancer: Alcohol does not cause it.

  • Reticulocyte Count: Increased from blood loss.

  • Normal Blood Count: Adult males: Hemoglobin 15.2 mg/dL, Hematocrit 49%, RBC 5 × 10⁶.

  • Sickle Cell Trait: 25% chance of anemia, 50% trait.

  • Anemia Treatment: Epoetin-alpha for renal failure.

  • Microcytic Anemia: Diet rich in iron and vitamin C.

  • Coagulation Pathways: Incorrect statements about extrinsic and common pathways.

  • Essential Thrombocytosis: Lower platelet count is not seen.

  • DVT Risks: Increases pulmonary embolism risk.

  • Hemophilia: A and B as genetic disorders.


TEST questions from original

Exam 1 Week 3 test

·  Question 1: What is the microscopic study of tissues?

·        Answer: Histology

·  Question 2: When does ribosomal protein synthesis cease?

·        Answer: During a severe hypoxic state

·  Question 3: Which cell organelles differ in their number according to the cell’s energy needs?

·        Answer: Mitochondria

·  Question 4: Which is a characteristic of adrenoleukodystrophy (X-linked) causing demyelination?

·        Answer: Accumulation of long-chain fatty acids in the nervous system from defective peroxisomes no longer breaking them down.

·  Question 5: Tetracycline is prescribed for chlamydia. What is its mechanism if it interferes with bacterial protein synthesis?

·        Answer: It interferes with the function of bacterial ribosomes.

·  Question 6: In which part of the cell is the DNA housed?

·        Answer: Nucleus

·  Question 7: The loss in size of muscle tissue seen in a bed ridden and elderly patient is?

·        Answer: Atrophy

·  Question 8: A patient has prolonged ischemic attacks where cellular damage occurs. Which term best fits?

·        Answer: Infarction

·  Question 9: Which field involves harvesting embryonic stem cells and performing nuclear transfer?

·        Answer: Therapeutic cloning

·  Question 10: What does a pulse oximeter measure?

·        Answer: Saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen (SaO₂)

·  Question 11: HTN patient is noncompliant and says “what’s the big deal?” Worst-case scenario?

·        Answer: Elevated risk of aneurysm

·  Question 12: Genetically programmed cell death that destroys cells no longer needed is called?

·        Answer: Apoptosis

·  Question 13: Most common initial/early presentation of adults with Wilson disease?

·        Answer: Psychiatric symptoms

·  Question 14: Familial hypercholesterolemia: which statement is TRUE?

·        Answer: Children are at risk for early acute myocardial infarction.

·  Question 15: Defect in chloride channel gene → thick mucus → recurrent pneumonias → early death is?

·        Answer: Cystic fibrosis

·  Question 16: Which disease is NOT a lysosomal storage disease?

·        Answer: Wilson disease

·  Question 17: What additional characteristic is present in genes?

·        Answer: Genes have codons that signal when protein production should begin or should stop

·  Question 18: Correct pairing for nucleotides in DNA?

·        Answer: A-T and C-G

·  Question 19: Best nutrition plan for wound healing in a malnourished patient with a large wound?

·        Answer: “I will need dietary supplements like Ensure, Enlive or Carnation Instant Breakfast for healing.”

·  Question 20: Term for hyperplasia of scar tissue that extends beyond the wound borders?

·        Answer: Keloid

·  Question 21: Movement of WBC in response to chemicals from damaged tissue is called?

·        Answer: Chemotaxis

·  Question 22: Post-op wound tore open and exposed bowel—what complication?

·        Answer: Evisceration

·  Question 23: Which WBC is primarily responsible for histamine release?

·        Answer: Basophil

·  Question 24: Which component of blood performs phagocytosis?

·        Answer: White blood cells

·  Question 25: Severe hemorrhagic virus; filovirus; person-to-person blood/body fluids; up to 90% mortality?

·        Answer: Ebola virus

·  Question 26: Definitive/BEST test to confirm Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)?

·        Answer: Biopsy of the brain done postmortem is the gold standard of diagnosis

·  Question 27: Which pathogens rely on the host to replicate and cannot reproduce on their own?

·        Answer: Viruses

·  Question 28: Cholera: primary vector of transmission?

·        Answer: Ingesting food/water contaminated by the feces of an infected person

·  Question 29: Example of serological testing?

·        Answer: Antibody titers and levels of immunoglobulin from a blood sample

·  Question 30: What pathogen caused the Spanish flu of 1918?

·        Answer: Influenza virus

·  Question 31: Chemo patient has 5-mm induration on Mantoux test—how is it considered?

·        Answer: “The client has had a positive test and an exposure to TB.”

·  Question 32: Which statement is INCORRECT about hypogammaglobulinemia?

·        Answer: “Decreased levels of immunoglobulin M (IgM) are the strongest indicator of the disease.”

·  Question 33: Rash on hands 2 days after gardening—what hypersensitivity type?

·        Answer: Type IV delayed

·  Question 34: Which cells are NOT created in the thymus?

·        Answer: B cells

·  Question 35: Which type of immunity are you born with and includes natural anatomic barriers?

·        Answer: Innate immunity

·  Question 36: All are derived from myeloid stem cells EXCEPT:

·        Answer: Lymphocytes

·  Question 37: Which result would NOT support a hematologic neoplasm diagnosis?

·        Answer: Vital signs show they are afebrile and have gained 25 lbs since last visit six months ago.

·  Question 38: Most common leukemia in children?

·        Answer: Acute lymphocytic leukemia

·  Question 39: Medical term for white blood cells (WBCs)?

·        Answer: Leukocytes

·  Question 40: Which possible cause of hematologic cancer is NOT TRUE?

·        Answer: “Drinking any alcohol can cause hematologic cancer.”

·  Question 41: Which condition leads to increased reticulocyte count?

·        Answer: Excess blood loss from the body

·  Question 42: Which labs indicate a normal blood count in adult males?

·        Answer: Hemoglobin 15.2 mg/dL, Hematocrit 49%, RBC count 5 × 10⁶

·  Question 43: Both parents have sickle cell trait—chances of sickle cell anemia and trait?

·        Answer: 25% chance of a child with sickle cell anemia and 50% chance of a child with sickle cell trait.

·  Question 44: Which patient is being treated for anemia due to renal failure?

·        Answer: The patient receiving epoetin-alpha

·  Question 45: Microcytic hypochromic anemia—best diet recommendation?

·        Answer: Foods rich in iron and vitamin C

·  Question 46: Which statement about the extrinsic pathway is INCORRECT?

·        Answer: “It is measured by the activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT).”

·  Question 47: Essential thrombocytosis—what would NOT be seen?

·        Answer: Lower than normal number of platelets

·  Question 48: Deep venous thrombosis greatly increases risk of:

·        Answer: Pulmonary embolism

·  Question 49: Which statement is INCORRECT about the common/final pathway?

·        Answer: “It does not require vitamin K to function properly.”

·  Question 50: Hemophilia A and B are:

·        Answer: Genetic disorders