5th Century Battles

Marathon (490 BCE) – Athenian victory against Darius' invasion, proving Persia could be defeated.

Thermopylae (480 BCE) – Spartans and allies held off Persia in a heroic last stand.

Salamis (480 BCE) – Naval battle where Themistocles' strategy defeated Xerxes' fleet.

Artemisium Strait – Naval battle fought alongside Thermopylae, indecisive but weakened Persian fleet.

Aeginetan War – Conflict between Athens and Aegina before the Persian invasion.