Chapter 22 + 27 + 28: Outlines
Chapter 22/27
I. The Quest for Political Stability
A. The Ming Dynasty
1. Ming Government
a. Hongwu founded Ming dynasty restoring native rule.
b. Hongwu built a tightly centralized imperial state.
c. Mandarins oversaw implementation of government policies.
d. Eunuchs served emperors without building power bases.
e. Yongle launched massive Indian Ocean naval expeditions.
f. Capital moved north to Beijing in 1421.
2. The Great Wall
a. Workers built formidable Great Wall along northern border.
b. Barrier ran approximately fifteen hundred miles long.
c. Wall featured watchtowers and accommodations for troops.
d. Ming encouraged abandonment of Mongol names and dress.
e. State restored traditional civil service examination system.
3. Ming Decline
a. Pirates and smugglers disrupted eastern coastal communities.
b. Navy and coastal defenses proved extremely ineffective.
c. Later emperors lived extravagantly inside Forbidden City.
d. Wanli conducted government business through eunuch intermediaries.
e. Powerful eunuchs enriched themselves through widespread corruption.
4. Ming Collapse
a. Severe famines struck China during early seventeenth century.
b. Starving peasants organized revolts throughout the country.
c. Manchu forces invaded south from northern homeland.
d. Rebel forces captured Ming capital Beijing in 1644.
e. Manchus allied with Ming army and seized capital.
B. The Qing Dynasty
1. The Manchus
a. Victors proclaimed new Qing dynasty ruling until 1911.
b. Manchus were pastoral nomads turned agricultural settled people.
c. Nurhaci unified Manchu tribes into centralized state.
d. Manchu armies conquered Korea, Mongolia, and China.
e. Chinese generals deserted corrupt Ming dynasty for Manchus.
f. Rulers outlawed intermarriage and forced queue hairstyles.
2. Kangxi and His Reign
a. Kangxi consolidated Qing dynasty hold over China.
b. Kangxi organized flood control and irrigation projects.
c. Ruler conquered Taiwan and absorbed island into empire.
d. Chinese armies extended military control into central Asia.
e. Qing dynasty imposed Chinese protectorate over Tibet.
3. Qianlong and His Reign
a. Qianlong consolidated conquests made in central Asia.
b. Vietnam, Burma, and Nepal became vassal states.
c. Stable reign allowed canceling tax collections four times.
d. Treasury bulged during prosperous height of dynasty.
e. Qianlong delegated imperial responsibilities to favorite eunuchs.
C. The Son of Heaven and the Scholar-Bureaucrats
1. The Son of Heaven
a. Emperor was designated human being Son of Heaven.
b. Privilege defined life inside the Forbidden City.
c. Visitors performed kowtow of three kneelings and knockings.
d. Offending individuals faced severe imperial punishment or flogging.
2. The Scholar-Bureaucrats
a. Appointed scholar-bureaucrats handled daily governance of empire.
b. Scholar-gentry earned academic degrees passing civil exams.
c. Males memorized thousands of Confucian characters early.
d. Preparation included studying calligraphy, poetry, and essay writing.
3. Civil Service Examinations
a. Tests occurred at district, provincial, and metropolitan levels.
b. Candidates brought food, bedding, chamber pot, and ink.
c. Candidates wrote eight-legged essays over three days.
d. One million degree holders competed for twenty thousand jobs.
e. System guaranteed Confucian values remained central to education.
II. Economic and Social Changes
A. The Patriarchal Family
1. Filial Piety
a. Filial piety implied loyalty of subjects toward emperor.
b. Family structure was hierarchical, patriarchal, and authoritarian.
c. Father served as undisputed head of household.
d. Veneration of ancestors strengthened authority of male patriarchs.
2. Clan Organizations
a. Patrilineal clans assumed responsibilities exceeding nuclear families.
b. Gentry members usually dominated given clan organizations.
c. Clans maintained local order and organized local economies.
d. Clan support provided education for poor promising relatives.
3. Gender Relations
a. Confucian principles subjected women to authority of men.
b. Chinese parents preferred sons over newborn female children.
c. Newborn girls became primary victims of infanticide.
d. Social pressures discouraged widows from remarriage after death.
4. Foot Binding
a. Custom became exceptionally popular during late Ming dynasty.
b. Linen strips tightly bound feet preventing natural growth.
c. Practice demonstrated ability to support non-working females.
d. Commoners bound feet of daughters for social standing.
5. Marriage Subservience
a. Marriage functioned as contractual affair continuing male line.
b. Bride performed ritual acts demonstrating subservience on wedding.
c. Women could not divorce husbands under imperial law.
d. Men could put aside wives for lacking offspring.
B. Population Growth and Economic Development
1. American Food Crops
a. Farmers relied on intensive garden-style agriculture for food.
b. Spanish merchants introduced American food crops via Philippines.
c. Maize, sweet potatoes, and peanuts permitted uncultivated use.
d. New crops increased food supply and supported growth.
2. Population Growth
a. Population rose rapidly from 100 million in 1500.
b. Numbers fell to 140 million in mid-seventeenth century.
c. Population surged to 225 million by 1750.
d. Rapid demographic growth set stage for economic problems.
e. Per capita income in China began to decline.
3. Foreign Trade
a. Entrepreneurs benefited from large mobile labor force access.
b. Influx of Japanese and American silver stimulated trade.
c. Workers produced silk, porcelain, lacquerware, and tea.
d. Exports brought silver bullion into Chinese home market.
e. Qing government tried ending maritime trade activity entirely.
f. Authorities permitted Portuguese merchants only at Macau port.
g. British merchants dealt exclusively with guild in Guangzhou.
h. Merchants established prominent presence throughout southeast Asia.
4. Government and Technology
a. Technological innovation slowed down by early Ming times.
b. Ming and Qing regimes favored political social stability.
c. Regimes feared new technologies would cause unsettling change.
d. Abundance of skilled workers made hiring cheaper than technology.
e. China lost technological ground to innovative European peoples.
III. Economic and Social Changes
A. Gentry, Commoners, Soldiers, and Mean People
1. Privileged Classes
a. Scholar-bureaucrats and gentry occupied exalted positions.
b. Officials functioned as local society intermediaries.
c. Privileged classes wore distinctive black gowns.
d. Commoners faced strict legal court restrictions.
e. Elites enjoyed corporal punishment immunity always.
f. Gentry resided mostly in urban towns.
2. Working Classes
a. Confucian tradition ranked peasants as highest.
b. Moral principles viewed peasants as honorable.
c. Artisans encompassed varied working occupations broadly.
d. Crafts workers earned higher average incomes.
3. Merchants
a. Merchants ranked at bottom social hierarchy.
b. Moralists viewed merchants as social parasites.
c. Merchants enjoyed little legal protection initially.
d. Entrepreneurs secured support via official partnerships.
e. Gentry commercial ventures blurred social distinctions.
4. Lower Classes
a. Military forces ranked beyond Confucian hierarchy.
b. Moralists considered armed forces necessary evils.
c. Mean people included indentured domestic servants.
d. Marginal groups included local boat people.
IV. The Confucian Tradition and New Cultural Influences
A. Neo-Confucianism and Pulp Fiction
1. Neo-Confucian Education
a. Zhu Xi combined moral philosophical values.
b. Rulers emphasized strict filial piety obedience.
c. Imperial courts funded academic research institutes.
d. Regimes organized massive historical encyclopedia projects.
2. Popular Culture
a. Urban residents created vibrant popular culture.
b. Printing produced cheap mass market books.
c. Readers consumed fast paced popular novels.
3. Popular Novels
a. Historical novels explored complex political intrigue.
b. Sentimental stories illuminated wealthy gentry families.
c. Adventure tales promoted traditional Buddhist values.
B. The Return of Christianity to China
1. Matteo Ricci
a. Jesuits worked to spread Christian faith.
b. Matteo Ricci founded successful Chinese mission.
c. Ricci mastered literary Chinese writing styles.
d. Missionaries dazzled hosts with European science.
2. Confucianism and Christianity
a. Jesuits portrayed Christianity matching pure Confucianism.
b. Missionaries allowed traditional ancestral veneration practices.
c. Exclusive claims limited total Chinese conversions.
3. End of the Jesuit Mission
a. Papal proclamations ordered suppression ancestor worship.
b. Emperor Kangxi banned public Christian preaching.
c. Jesuit reports informed curious European audiences.
V. The Unification of Japan
A. The Tokugawa Shogunate
1. Tokugawa Ieyasu
a. Military shoguns ruled Japan effectively overall.
b. Sixteenth century civil wars created turmoil.
c. Ieyasu established permanent unified military bakufu.
d. Tokugawa shoguns governed from Edo capital.
2. Control of the Daimyo
a. Daimyo functioned as powerful territorial lords.
b. Shoguns instituted alternate attendance policy requirements.
c. Families remained held hostage in Edo.
d. Policies prevented lords from launching rebellions.
3. Control of Foreign Relations
a. Shoguns restricted foreign relations during 1630s.
b. Decrees prohibited citizens traveling abroad entirely.
c. Authorities expelled foreign merchant ships promptly.
d. Dutch merchants traded under strict restrictions.
B. Economic and Social Change
1. Population Growth
a. Political peace fostered major economic growth.
b. Agricultural production doubled between specific centuries.
c. Japanese population rose rapidly during seventeenth century.
d. Families practiced strict population control measures.
2. Social Change
a. Peaceful stability undermined samurai warrior positions.
b. Authorities pushed ruling elites into bureaucracy.
c. Rice prices caused severe financial debt.
d. Merchants accumulated massive urban wealth reserves.
C. Neo-Confucianism and Floating Worlds
1. Neo-Confucianism in Japan
a. Tokugawa shoguns heavily promoted official neo-Confucianism.
b. Nativist scholars emphasized Japanese folk traditions.
2. Native Learning
a. Scholars glorified pure pre-foreign Japanese society.
3. Floating Worlds
a. Floating worlds offered social behavioral escape.
b. Authors created popular floating world books.
c. Kabuki theater featured lively theatrical skits.
d. Puppet theater performed intricate musical stories.
D. Christianity and Dutch Learning
1. Christian Missions
a. Francis Xavier opened successful missionary ventures.
b. Hundreds of thousands converted to Christianity.
2. Anti-Christian Campaign
a. Officials launched violent anti-Christian persecution.
b. Thousands of Christians suffered public execution.
3. Dutch Learning
a. Dutch merchants provided foreign world news.
b. Scholars learned Dutch language for communication.
c. Scientific treatises brought accurate anatomical knowledge.
d. European astronomy improved local calendar accuracy.
II. Crisis and Recovery
A. Recovery in China: The Ming Dynasty
1. Hongwu
a. Yuan dynasty collapsed during 1368 plague.
b. Hongwu became emperor establishing Ming dynasty.
c. Hongwu eliminated all traces of Mongol rule.
d. He reestablished Confucian education and civil service.
2. Ming Centralization
a. Hongwu centralized authority tightly in Chinese history.
b. He executed minister and abolished chief minister.
c. Ming emperors ruled directly without chief ministers.
3. Mandarins and Eunuchs
a. Emperors relied heavily on special mandarin officials.
b. Mandarins ensured local officials implemented policy.
c. Emperors employed eunuchs extensively for governmental services.
d. Servants worked diligently to advance imperial interests.
e. Centralized administration lasted more than five centuries.
4. Economic Recovery
a. Conscripted laborers rebuilt damaged irrigation systems.
b. Agricultural production surged as a direct result.
c. Rulers promoted manufacture of porcelain and silk.
d. Private Chinese merchants conducted thriving overseas business.
e. Domestic trade surged reflecting increasing national prosperity.
5. Cultural Revival
a. Emperors discouraged Mongol names and Mongol dress.
b. Rulers actively promoted Confucian and neo-Confucian traditions.
c. Yongle organized preparation of vast encyclopedia project.
d. Yongle Encyclopedia compiled works of Chinese history.
III. Formation of the Islamic Empires
A. The Ottoman Empire
1. Osman
a. Osman founded the ruling Ottoman state.
b. Migrant Turks settled in northwestern Anatolia.
c. Followers sought to become religious warriors.
d. Ottomans successfully captured Bursa in 1326.
e. Gallipoli provided a European territorial foothold.
2. Ottoman Expansion
a. Early forces used light cavalry and infantry.
b. Professional cavalry used heavy armor.
c. Devshirme levied Christian boys for slaves.
d. Janissaries gained strict royal military loyalty.
e. Armies used effective early gunpowder weapons.
3. Mehmed the Conqueror
a. Mehmed captured Constantinople in 1453.
b. The conquered city became Istanbul capital.
c. The ruler built an absolute monarchy.
d. Armies conquered Serbia, Greece, and Albania.
4. Süleyman the Magnificent
a. Süleyman promoted aggressive territorial expansion heavily.
b. Ottoman forces added Baghdad and Mesopotamia.
c. Habsburg Europe faced constant military pressure.
d. Ottomans developed a powerful naval fleet.
B. The Safavid Empire
1. The Safavids
a. Ismail claimed the ancient Persian title.
b. Safavids traced ancestry back to Sufis.
c. Rulers sought support through religious movements.
2. Twelver Shiism
a. Ismail proclaimed Twelver Shiism official religion.
b. Qizilbash warriors wore distinctive red hats.
c. Followers showed fanatical loyalty to him.
3. Battle of Chaldiran
a. Ottomans launched a full military invasion.
b. Safavids rejected unreliable early gunpowder weapons.
c. Ottomans deployed heavy artillery and janissaries.
d. Ottomans occupied Tabriz after victory.
4. Shah Abbas the Great
a. Abbas revitalized the declining Safavid empire.
b. Abbas moved capital to central Isfahan.
c. Abbas incorporated slave household military troops.
d. Campaigns brought northwestern territories under rule.
C. The Mughal Empire
1. Babur
a. Babur claimed descent from Mongol leaders.
b. Babur invaded and conquered northern India.
c. Babur established the loosely knit dynasty.
2. Akbar
a. Akbar built centralized administrative governance structures.
b. Akbar pursued strict religious toleration policies.
c. Akbar actively promoted a syncretic faith.
3. Aurangzeb
a. Aurangzeb expanded boundaries southward into India.
b. Aurangzeb abandoned previous religious toleration policies.
c. Aurangzeb imposed special taxes on Hindus.
II. Imperial Islamic Society
A. The Dynastic State
1. The Emperors and Islam
a. Rulers regarded states as personal possessions.
b. Dynastic prestige relied upon military prowess.
c. Autocratic authority reflected traditional steppe practices.
2. Steppe Traditions
a. Succession caused violent family political contests.
b. Sultans eliminated brothers to prevent rebellions.
c. Rulers confined princes inside palace quarters.
3. Women and Politics
a. Imperial women wielded significant political influence.
b. Mothers and wives enjoyed special privileges.
c. Courtiers frequently complained about female rule.
B. Agriculture and Trade
1. Food Crops
a. Agriculture formed foundational economic surplus bases.
b. Columbian exchange introduced new American crops.
c. Maize became popular livestock animal feed.
2. Tobacco
a. Coffee and tobacco consumption increased strongly.
b. Coffeehouses emerged as prominent social institutions.
c. Moralists unsuccessfully protested popular coffee consumption.
3. Population Growth
a. Indian population surged throughout early times.
b. Traditional intensive agriculture drove demographic expansion.
c. Ottoman numbers declined after territorial losses.
4. Trade
a. Empires participated actively in global commerce.
b. Rulers granted special foreign merchant concessions.
c. Mughals focused primarily on land empires.
C. Religious Affairs in the Islamic Empires
1. Religious Diversity
a. Empires managed diverse religious and ethnic groups.
b. Rulers maintained harmony between different religious communities.
c. Christians and Jews lived in Ottoman lands.
d. Zoroastrians and Christians lived in Safavid regions.
e. Mughal subjects included Hindus and various minorities.
2. Christian Mission in India
a. Portuguese Goa became a Christian mission center.
b. Priests established schools providing religious instruction.
c. Jesuits traveled to the Mughal imperial court.
d. Jesuits failed to convert the emperor.
e. Akbar welcomed discussions but rejected exclusive faith.
3. Akbar's Divine Faith
a. Akbar remained cool toward orthodox Islam.
b. He supported early Sikhs combining various faiths.
c. He created a syncretic divine faith.
d. The divine faith reflected Islamic teachings.
e. The emperor styled himself lord of wisdom.
f. His faith bridged cultural and religious gaps.
4. Status of Religious Minorities
a. Empires granted protected dhimmi status to subjects.
b. Protected subjects paid special jizya taxes.
c. Ottomans organized autonomous religious millet communities.
d. Mughal rulers reserved top positions for Muslims.
e. Muslims and Hindus cooperated in daily affairs.
5. Promotion of Islam
a. Muslims feared losing their distinct identity.
b. Conservative Muslims demanded an Islamic state.
c. Aurangzeb reinstated jizya and promoted Islam.
d. His policies caused bitterness among Hindu subjects.
D. Cultural Patronage of the Islamic Emperors
1. Cultural Patronage of the Islamic Emperors
a. Rulers enhanced prestige through public works.
b. Emperors attracted outstanding scholars and artists.
c. Rulers lavished resources on public structures.
2. Istanbul
a. Capitals reflected majesty and imperial power.
b. Ottomans took great pride in Istanbul.
c. Topkapi palace housed central government offices.
d. Sinan built the magnificent Süleymaniye complex.
3. Isfahan
a. Shah Abbas made Isfahan a jewel.
b. Abbas centered markets around a field.
c. Palaces emphasized natural settings and pools.
d. Open design prioritized accessibility and royal visibility.
4. Fatehpur Sikri
a. Early Mughals treated capitals as camps.
b. Akbar constructed Fatehpur Sikri as capital.
c. Architecture blended central Asian and Hindu styles.
d. Poor water supply forced city abandonment.
5. The Taj Mahal
a. Workers erected the exquisite Taj Mahal.
b. Shah Jahan used white marble monuments.
c. Aurangzeb deposed his father from power.
III. The Empires in Transition
A. The Deterioration of Imperial Leadership
1. Dynastic Decline
a. Empires experienced severe political leadership changes.
b. Rulers spent vast sums on personal pleasures.
c. Palace confinement produced weak inexperienced monarchs.
d. Weak rule provoked mutinies and revolts.
2. Religious Tensions
a. Conservative clerics objected to unconventional practices.
b. Radical Wahhabi movement denounced Ottoman rulers.
c. Religious clerics forced public observatory demolition.
d. Aurangzeb ordered the destruction of temples.
B. Economic and Military Decline
1. Economic Difficulties
a. Strained domestic economies suffered severe stress.
b. Long costly wars exhausted imperial treasuries.
c. Officials raised taxes and accepted bribes.
2. Military Decline
a. All empires experienced severe military decline.
b. Rulers relied on foreign weapon suppliers.
c. European weaponry outpaced outdated Islamic arsenals.
C. Cultural Conservatism
1. Cultural Conservatism
a. Muslims remained oblivious to European developments.
b. Rulers felt confident of cultural superiority.
c. Clerics rejected foreign scientific instrument imports.
2. Piri Reis
a. Piri Reis drew detailed navigational maps.
b. He consulted Columbus western hemisphere charts.
3. The Printing Press
a. Conservative leaders resisted introduction of printing.
b. Strict authorities banned Turkish language presses.
c. Clerics feared printing would spread ideas.
d Colonization
A. The Chinese Reconnaissance of the Indian Ocean Basin
1. Zheng He's Expeditions
a. Ming government sponsored seven ambitious naval expeditions.
b. Expeditions imposed imperial control over foreign trade.
c. Eunuch admiral Zheng He led naval fleets.
d. Fleet included mammoth nine-masted treasure ships.
e. Zheng He visited southeast Asia, India, and Arabia.
f. Envoys paid respect at the Ming court.
2. Chinese Naval Power
a. Zheng He sought goals through peaceful diplomacy.
b. Armed troops overawed hosts preventing armed conflicts.
c. Zheng He ruthlessly suppressed troublesome coastal pirates.
d. Expeditions established Chinese reputation throughout ocean.
3. End of the Voyages
a. Ming emperors decided to end naval expeditions.
b. Ministers argued resources belonged to agricultural production.
c. Mongol military threat required urgent financial support.
d. Officials destroyed nautical charts prepared by Zheng He.