MODULE-1A-Organismal-Biology-Plant-Biology-2
Page 1: Introduction to Module 1A - Organismal Biology: Plant Biology
Institutions: FEU Alabang, FEU Diliman, FEU Tech
Prepared by: Samuel C. Brillo, MSc-Biology (cand.)
Focus: Technology Driven by Innovation
Page 2: Overview of Plant Biology
Plant Biology consists of three main subtopics:
Module 1A.1: Plant Form and Function
Module 1A.2: Plant Nutrition and Transport
Module 1A.3: Reproduction and Development of Flowering Plants
Page 3: Module 1A.1 - Plant Form and Function
Focus: Comprehensive understanding of plant structure and function
Page 4: Objectives of Plant Form and Function
Define key terms:
Plant Anatomy: Study of internal structures
Plant Morphology: Study of physical form and external structure
Plant Physiology: Study of plant functions
Describe the diversity of plant forms
Illustrate functions necessary for plant survival
Page 5: Plant Anatomy
Explores structure in detail to identify:
Position of body parts
Relationships and function of body systems
Page 6: Plant Morphology
Focuses on the overall physical form of plants and their external structures.
Page 7: The Plant Body
Root System: Underground component, primarily composed of roots.
Shoot System: Above ground, includes stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits.
Page 8: Anatomy of Root System
Components:
Primary root
Lateral roots
Root hairs
Root tip
Root cap
Page 9: Key Features of Root Anatomy
Epidermis: Outer layer with root hairs to enhance surface area for exchange.
Stele: Central region surrounded by endodermis (Casparian strip for water regulation).
Pericycle/Cambium: Offers structural support and lateral root development.
Vascular Bundle: Centrally located for material transport.
Page 10: Anatomy of Shoot System
Components:
Shoot tip with apical bud
Lateral bud
Leaves, internodes, nodes
Page 11: Key Features of Shoot Anatomy
Epidermis: Protects, waterproofs, and controls gas exchange.
Ground Tissue: Involves transport and storage within stems (cortex and pith).
Cambium: Circular growth layer causing lateral stem growth.
Vascular Bundles: Positioned to prevent compression, with xylem on the inside, phloem outside.
Page 12: Anatomy of Leaf
Function: Principal organ for photosynthesis and gas exchange (CO2 and O2).
Page 13: Key Features of Leaf Anatomy
Palisade Mesophyll: Location for photosynthesis on the upper surface.
Spongy Mesophyll: Main site for gas exchange on the lower surface near stomata.
Stomata: Facilitate gas exchange, located on the underside, preventing obstruction.
Cuticle: Waxy layer on the top surface, prevents water loss impacting transpiration.
Vascular Bundles: Centrally located for optimal distribution to cells.
Page 14: Anatomy of Flower
Description: Exclusive to angiosperms, featuring reproductive parts and colorful whorls of petals.
Page 15: Anatomy of Seed
Represents the mature ovule containing the embryo, which develops into a young plant.
Page 16: Anatomy of Fruit
Describes the seed-bearing structure formed from the ovary of a flower.
Page 17: Modifications of Plant Parts
Acknowledges various unusual plant parts and adaptations.
Page 18: Modified Roots
Examples of Modified Roots:
Adventitious roots: Above ground spread
Storage roots (root tubers): Store nutrients.
Page 19: Types of Roots
Examples:
Taproot system (Example: Dandelion)
Fibrous root system (Example: Grass, Corn, Orchid)
Page 20: Modified Stems
Examples:
Stolon, Rhizome, Tuber, Corm.
Page 21: Modified Leaves
Types:
Tendrils, Bud scales, Bracts, Spines, Storage leaves.
Page 22: Introduction to Plant Physiology
Scope: Understanding how plants function.
Page 23: Importance of Plant Physiology
Forms the foundation for advancements in agriculture:
Forestry, Pharmacology, Plant pathology, Agronomy, Floriculture.
Enhances photosynthetic efficiency.
Page 24: Plant Growth and Development
Process: Begins at seed germination to maturity involving cellular responses and molecular interactions.
Page 25: Water Uptake
Essential for metabolism, facilitated through root hairs which increase the root surface area for absorption.
Page 28: References
Various textbooks and resources that inform the content.
Page 29: Introduction to Module 1A.2 - Plant Nutrition and Transport
Defines the focus areas of plant nutrition and transport mechanisms.
Page 31: Signs of Nutrient Deficiency
Common symptoms indicating malnutrition in plants, including severe stunted growth, yellowing leaves, etc.
Page 32: Essential Elements and Functions in Plants
Lists essential nutrients (e.g., CHO, B, Ca, Cl, Fe) and their roles in growth.
Page 34: Vascular Tissue System
Xylem (water conduction) and phloem (nutrients transport), structures that facilitate material transport throughout the plant.
Page 37: Xylem Functionality
The xylem mainly conducts water and dissolves minerals, primarily composed of various specialized cells.
Page 41: Phloem Components and Function
Composed of sieve tube members and companion cells, transports water and food with bidirectional flow.
Page 43: Phloem Cross-Section
Displays structural details showing sieve tube elements and companion cells in context.
Page 45: Introduction to Module 1A.3 - Reproduction and Development of Flowering Plants
Overview of flowering plant reproductive processes.
Page 47: Meristems Overview
Definition and significance of meristems in plant growth and regeneration.
Page 57: Growth Rings in Plants
Explains how growth rates change throughout the seasons and how rings indicate yearly growth.
Page 66: Summary of Main Classes of Plant Hormones
Outlines the various phytohormones and their functions in plant growth and responses.
Page 67: Plant Reproduction
Describes methods of plant reproduction, including vegetative propagation and sexual reproduction involving pollen transfer.