Digital Devices and Communication

Digital Devices

• Digital devices utilize computers or microcontrollers and are widespread.

• A computer inputs, processes, stores, and outputs data based on instructions, aiding decision-making.

Computer Terminology

• Data: Raw, unorganized facts meaningless for decision-making (e.g., number of vehicles).

• Data Processing: Manipulating and converting data into information (e.g., arithmetic or logical operations).

• Information: Processed, accurate data summarized for decision-making, planning, and controlling.

• Hardware: Physical computer components with texture (e.g., keyboard, mouse).

• Software: Programs instructing the computer on tasks, essential for hardware functionality.

Uses of Computers

• Communication: E-mail, video conferencing, messaging apps.

• Education: Research, assignments.

• Entertainment: Games, movies, music.

• Retail: Stock and inventory management.

• Banking: Record-keeping for deposits and withdrawals.

• Office Administration: Typing letters, memos.

• Manufacturing: Product manufacturing and processing.

Advantages of Using Computers

• Speed: Rapid data processing and information access.

• Accuracy: Precise data handling, with errors typically due to incorrect input.

• Storage: Large data storage capacity with reliable data retrieval.

• Endurance: Consistent speed and accuracy over extended periods.

• Automation: Automatic job execution without intervention once instructed.

• Versatility: Ability to perform various jobs based on instructions and hardware.

• Complex Problem Solving: Execution of complex calculations beyond human capability.

• Safety: Performance of dangerous tasks in hazardous environments.

• Communication: Facilitates global communication via email and video conferencing.

Disadvantages of Using Computers

• Cost: High purchase and maintenance expenses.

• Electricity Dependence: Requirement of a power source.

• Training: Need for user training.

• Health Hazards: Potential for eye strain and backaches.

• Unemployment: Possibility of job displacement.

• Anti-Social Behavior: Excessive use may reduce social interaction.

Types of Digital Devices

• Range from Mainframe computers to Microprocessors.

• Examples include personal computers, digital cameras, and home entertainment systems.

Mainframe Computers

• Powerful: Quickly processes large amounts of data.

• Size: Large, typically in air-conditioned rooms.

• Multi-user: Supports numerous simultaneous users via remote terminals.

• Multi-processor: Utilizes multiple CPUs for parallel processing.

• Storage: Offers substantial storage capacity.

• Memory: Possesses extensive internal memory.

Personal Computers

• Common in homes and offices in diverse forms like desktops and laptops.

• Single-board computers are economical options for education using microSD storage.

Laptops

• Portable devices integrating a keyboard, screen, trackpad, and rechargeable battery.

Single-Board Computers

*Affordable for education, embedded projects and physical computing.
*Example includes Raspberry Pi Zero, using microSD for storage.

Mobile Phones

• Connect via SIM cards (Subscriber Identity Module) to mobile networks.

• SIM cards identify the subscriber for network access.

• Specialist Phones: Equipped with features like emergency buttons for quick contact.

• Smartphones: Integrate Wi-Fi and mobile connectivity for calls and internet, support app downloads, and often use virtual keyboards; have shorter battery life due to combining many features.

Tablets

• Larger than smartphones with similar features, including touchscreens, apps, and Wi-Fi, some with SIM slots.

Digital Cameras and Camcorders

• Use light sensors to capture images.

• Image quality is dictated by lens quality, image processor, and sensor resolution (pixel count).

Home Entertainment Systems

Televisions

• Display images on a screen.

• HD TVs have a higher number of pixels.

• Most TVs include speakers but often benefit from external sound systems.

• Smart TVs support apps and internet streaming.

Sound Systems

• Deliver high-quality audio via enhanced speakers.

• Connect to smartphones and tablets via USB or Bluetooth.

• Connect to LAN via Wi-Fi to play stored or online music.

Personal Video Recorders (PVR)

• Record broadcasted content for later viewing.

• Some satellite TVs integrate STBs (set-top boxes) with PVRs.

Blu-Ray and DVD Players

• Connect to TVs to play films.

• Blu-ray supports HD movies with high-quality visuals and sound.

Game Consoles

• Allow users to play video games on a TV.

• Use wireless controllers.

• Some use motion sensors or VR for immersive experiences.

Media Players

• Stream video and audio to TVs from the internet, networks, or local storage via wired or wireless connections, controlled by remote.

Navigation Aids (Sat-Nav)

• Calculate optimal routes using GPS (Global Positioning System).

• GPS uses satellite signals.

• Orientation sensors show device direction on a map.

• Navigation Aids need Internet connectivity to update map Data, But GPS does not need Internet connectivity to work.

Home Automated Devices and Smart Assistants

• Connect digital devices to control home functions (e.g., temperature, lighting) via smartphone apps or internet.

Multifunctional and Convergence Devices

• Multifunctional devices perform various tasks (e.g., smartphones).

• Convergence describes devices integrating features from others (e.g., smartphones and tablets).

• 'Phablets' blur the lines between smartphones and tablets.

Features of Digital Devices

• Portability: Ease of transport.

• Performance: Influenced by processor speed and RAM.

• Storage: Capacity for storing files and programs.

• User Interface: Command input methods (e.g., GUI, voice).

• Connectivity: Data sharing capabilities via wired or wireless connections.

• Media Support: Compatibility with different media types.

• Energy Consumption: Focus on energy-efficient designs.

• Expansion Capabilities: Extra ports for connecting peripherals.

• Security Features:

  • Software Security - Digital devices have a range of software security features like Four-digit PINS, pattern PINS and biometric scanners to prevent unauthorized users.

  • Physical security - Some devices use security slots which have locks attached to secure them to furniture.

Types of Peripheral Devices

• Categorized as Input, Output, and Storage.

Input Peripherals

Devices sending data to the computer for control or data capture.

Keyboards

• Use keys for text input and software interaction.

• Connect via wired or wireless connections.

• Vary by OS, language, and function.

• Shortcuts combine key presses for common commands.

• Touch-typing increases data input speed.

Numeric Keypad/PIN Pad

• Numeric keypads input numeric data.

• PIN pads are used on electronic door locks for secure entry.

Pointing Devices

Control a pointer on screen to select objects.

Mouse

• Uses optical sensors to detect movement.

• Sensitivity varies based on surface.

• Some use roller balls.

Tracker ball

A tracker ball is rolled to move the pointer. It does not have buttons to press..

Track pad

• Senses finger movements, touches, and presses.

Joystick

• Commonly used in games to move sprites.

Graphics tablet

• Flat pad used with a stylus for drawing and design.

Scanner

• Uses light sensors to record physical documents as digital images.

• OCR software converts scanned images to text files.

• OMR software detects simple marks, used for multiple-choice tests.

Barcode Scanner (OBR)

• Reads patterns of lines and gaps representing data.

• Used for tracking parcels and identifying retail items

• *Linear: One-dimensional.

  • *Matrix: Two-dimensional, holding more data and scannable from any angle.

Webcam

• Specialized cameras for streaming images or video.

• Lower quality than camcorders, may include microphones.

• Also used as security cameras.

Microphone

• Captures sound via a diaphragm, converting it to an analog electrical signal, then to a digital signal by a sound card.

• Used for voice recognition, speech recording, and VoIP calls.

Touch Screen

Screen that allows user to interact with the device through physical touch.
* *Resistive: Pressure causes two layers to connect.
* *Capacitive: Measures change in electrical charge when touched.

Biometric Scanner

• Measures unique physical characteristics for user identification.

  • *Fingerprint recognition

  • *Facial recognition

  • *Voice recognition

  • *Iris recognition

Card Readers

• Used to read data from cards for access control, payments, and tracking, utilizing:

  • Magnetic strips (less secure)

  • Programmable chips (require PIN)

  • RFID/NFC (short-range wireless communication).
    *67% of fraud was reduced after UK introduced chip and pin system in 2005.

Sensors

• Detect physical environment characteristics (e.g., temperature, light) and feed data into the computer, needing an ADC (Analog-to-Digital Converter).
  Temperature: Automatic washing machines, central heating systems, automatic temp control in greenhouses, ovens, Microwaves
  Pressure sensors: Burglar alarm systems, washing machines, robotics, environmental monitoring, monitor and control traffic lights, axle weights for vehicles.
  Light sensors: Automatic greenhouses, automatic doors, burglar alarm systems, controlling street lights.
  Sound sensors: Burglar alarm systems, monitoring liquid and powder flow in pipes
  Humidity/Moisture sensors: Automatic greenhouses, environmental monitoring, factories where moisture levels are crucial(e.g. manufacture of microchips, paint spraying)
  pH sensors: Used to measure and control the PH (Acidity and alkalinity) of substances in Automatic greenhouses, chemical processing plants, environmental monitoring places.
  The system can be automatic, removing the need for human to be there all the time.
  The Data captured can be automatically recorded in a form that can be processed by a computer i.e. saved in Ms Excel
  Can work in dangerous environment that might be too dangerous for human health i.e. in volcanoes.
  Faulty sensors can give wrong results (e.g. if the sensors on the rear bumper of a car which monitor for obstacles become dirty, they may either not identify an obstacle or give a wrong alarm.
  Sensors cannot interpret data
  Sensors cannot detect everything else in the environment except what they are configured to.
  They can’t make decisions.

Output Peripheral Devices

Output peripherals connect to a computer and output the results of the computer's processing in various forms, including: • Electronic display • Printed text • Video • Audio • Tactile (touch) forms.

Monitors

Visual display output devices for softcopy display, characterized by:
* Screen size (measured diagonally)
* Resolution (measured in pixels)
* Energy efficiency (low-power standby mode)
* some use touch screen technology

*There are two types of monitors;
* Cathode Ray Tube - CRT
* Than Film Transistor – TFT
* CRT:
* Monitor uses an electron gun to fire electrons against a phosphor screen, which creates a picture that is made up of tiny dots.
* TFT(Thin Film Transistor):
* monitor made up of thousands of tiny dots (pixels), which are made up of transistors controlled by a micro-processor. They are commonly found in laptops, iPads and other portable devices.

Uses of Monitors

• Used as the primary output device for computers so that the user can see immediately what they are typing in.

• Monitors also display the programs so that the user can choose what to do by clicking.

• Those with touch capabilities can be used as input device to issue commands.

Comparison Between CRT and TFT Monitors

Printers

Devices that produce hard copies of documents.
* Dot matrix: Impact paper through an ink ribbon.
* Inkjet: Sprays tiny dots of ink.
* Laser: Uses a laser to transfer toner onto paper.
* 3D: Create real-life versions of digital models.

Plotters

• Draw high-quality images from CAD software.

• Used by product designers, architects, engineers, cartographers etc.

Data Projectors

• Display images on screens.

• Used for entertainment and presentations, featuring:

• Bright light bulbs(measured in lumens) which can be expensive too - Resolution

  • Zoom functionality

Speakers

• Output sound.

• Often come in pairs for stereo sound.

• Surround sound systems use multiple speakers and an amplifier.

Control Device

• Also known as actuators, and they are components of a system that make something happen in the real physical world. These devices are often mechanical Examples of actuators include:
  * Valves
  * Pistons
  * Heaters
  * Coolers
  * Motors.

Secondary Storage

• Non-volatile storage for documents, applications, and virtual memory.

• Internal drives connect to the motherboard.

• External devices connect via ports.

Solid State Drives (SSD, often referred to as flash drives) contain flash memory media. They are otherwise identical to hard disk drives.
Optical Disk Drives contain optical disk media. Newer drives are often compatible with older media. For example, a disk drive that can read Blu-ray media can also read DVD and CD media. This is known as backwards compatibility.
Other: Online / Cloud storage – data storage over the internet i.e on hosted servers on the cloud.
A storage medium is the actual material object used for storing the data.
A storage device is the item of equipment that handles the use of the medium. E.g. a DVD is the storage medium while the DVD drive is the device that is used to access data on the DVD.
Backwards Compatibility - the ability to be used with older technology without having to be specially adapted.

Hard Disk Drives (HDD)

• Contain hard disk media that connect directly to the motherboard

Solid State Drives (SSD)

• Contain flash memory known as "flash drives” and are identical to hard disk drives.

Optical Disk Drives

• Optical disk media compatible with older media.

Comparison Between SSD and HDD

A storage medium is the actual material object used for storing the data.
A storage device is the item of equipment that handles the use of the medium. E.g. a DVD is the storage medium while the DVD drive is the device that is used to access data on the DVD.
Backwards Compatibility - the ability to be used with older technology without having to be specially adapted.

Media

Hard Disks

• Composed of concentric platters forming a cylinder spinning on a spindle, with read/write heads on arms moving across tracks.

• Typical spin speeds are 5400 rpm or 7200 rpm, access time is 4-15 ms.

Parts of the Hard Disk

• SPINDLE - Holds the platters in place and rotates them so that the Read/Write Heads can read or write information on the platters.
  READ/WRITE HEADS Use principles of magnetism to write or read information on the platters.
  PLATTERS Circular metallic or glass discs coated with magnetic material to store data.
  ACTUATOR Controls movement of the Read/Write Heads.

WRITING - Storing data on a storage device is also called WRITING
READING - while retrieving data from a storage device is also called READING.

Optical Media

• Include CDs, DVDs and Blu-ray disks.

  • CDs: Store up to $700 MB$.

  • DVDs: Store $4.7 GB$ on a single-sided, single-layer disk, up to $18 GB$ on double-sided, dual-layer disks.

  • Blu-ray Disks: Store $25 GB$ on a single-sided disk, $50 GB$ double-sided.

Flash Media

• Energy-efficient, durable, and suitable for portable devices.

Magnetic Tapes

• High-capacity, serial access medium used for data backup.

The storage capacity of a storage device is measured in bytes, Kilobytes (KB), Megabytes (MB), Gigabytes (GB), and Terabytes (TB). The computer requires one byte of storage space to store one character of data. A character is anything that can be stored in the computer e.g. a letter, a number, a space, a full stop, etc. (A, 9, +, ?, @). Each character is made up of eight bits. The word BIT is a short form of BInary digiT. Binary digits are either a “0” or a “1”. All data stored in the computer is stored as a series of binary digits (Bits) i.e. a series of 1s and 0s. e.g. letter A is written as 01000001.

Software

• Digital devices require software to function.

• Software consists of instructions telling the digital device what to do and how to do it. They are also refreed to asprograms or software programs.
  *System Software
  *Operating System

Systems Software

• Set of instructions that control the general running of the digital device Designed to operate maintain and control the computer hardware and provide a platform for running application software.
  *Operating systems
  *Utility programs

Operating System (OS)

Software that allows a user to use, control and manage the hardware of a digital device. It also provides a platform to run other system software and application software.
*Windows, Android, Linux,iOS, Unix.
Types of Operating *Systems:
*Single-user OS – can only allow one person to use at a time.
*Multi-user OS – can allow more than one person to use at a time.

• Single-tasking OS – can allow a user to perform only one task at a time
  *Multi-tasking OS – can allow a user to perform multiple tasks at a time.
  *Network OS – have additional functionality, including; Sending requests to a server when users log in with their username and password, Separating user accounts and ensuring that users cannot access each other's files, Providing access to network storage and shared resources such as networked printers.

Functions of the Operating System

• Provides a user interface – the OS provides a way through which we can interact with the computer e.g. when we click an icon to open a program.
  *Controls application software - It manages applications that are running on the computer, starting or stopping them when the user requests.
  *File management - It manages files, helping us save our work, organize our files, find files that we have saved and load files.
  *Resource Management - It manages systems resources like the memory and CPU i.e. Allocating memory (RAM), space to programs and Keeping track of which parts of the memory (RAM) are used and free.
  *Error handling - It deals with any errors that occur when a program is running or when data is been transferred somewhere.

• Print Spooling - Manages the printer spool allowing different tasks to be printed on the same printer one at a time.
  *Input and output management - It manages the computer’s input and output hardware such as printers, which involves; Accepting data from an input device and transferring it to the memory (RAM) and making sure that any output is sent to the correct output device.
  *Manages the system security which involves - Monitoring and restricting access to the systems, programs and data. and Preventing malicious files or users who is far away from damaging your system i.e. a virus or a hacker.

Security Features provided by OS

• Firewalls - Preventing malicious files or people from damaging your system.
  *User account and password management
  *File and disk encryptions
  *Setting file permissions(e.g. read & write, write only, read only)
  *File access/File sharing settings(sharing a file with only particular users )

Utility Programs

Software programs that carry out configuration and maintenance tasks in a digital device.

• These include:
  *Backup utility programs
  *Defragmentation utility programs
  *Compression utility programs
  *Disk Formatting utility programs
  *Disk cleaning utility programs
  *Disk checkers/scanners

Backup Utilities

• create an extra copy of files and programs. Backups can be set to run automatically (usually at a time when the system is not in use) or can be started by a user.

Defragmentation:

• As data is stored to hard disk, It is spread across the disk wherever there is free space. This means that sometimes data is fragmented and stored out of order or out of sequence. Data from the same file may be spread over multiple locations on a platter, on different platters in the cylinder or sometimes even on different disks. When these files are loaded, data has to be retrieved from these multiple locations. The read/write head of the hard drive has to find this data, which takes extra time and slows down the process of loading the files. To avoid this and to speed up the system, disk defragmentation utilities reorder the fragments of data so that they are stored as close to each other as possible. Defragmentation utilities are usually set to run automatically, but they can also be started by a user.*
  They are usually not neccessary in SSDs.

COMPRESSION UTILITY

• reduce the original size of a file or set of files **thus reducing space occupied by the file on the disk. Where there are repeated patterns of data, rather than storing every repeated instance, only the first instance of the data is stored, alongside how many times it is repeated.

Disk Formatting

Prepares storage media for initial use, deleting all data.

Other Functions of Utility Programs

• File compression i.e. pressing a file so that it occupies as little space as possible.
  *File sorting i.e. arranging files in alphabetical order so that they are easy to locate.
  *File renaming i.e. changing the name of a file.
  *File conversion e.g. convert a sound file to MP3 or MP4.
  *File repair i.e. recover data from a damaged file.
  *Storage device defragmentation (defragging) i.e. arranging files together to create space for other files.
  *Storage device repair i.e. checking your storage device for faults and then repairing them or giving you a warning that your storage device is about to crash.
  *Formatting Storage Devices i.e. removing all files in case they are damaged, infected with a virus or you want to use the device on a new OS i.e. moving from Windows to Mac OS.
  *Provides drivers that will ensure that the computer communicates with the hardware attached to it.

Application Software

Programs for carrying out specific tasks, usually installed from a disk and downloaded from servers on the internet.
*Word processors
*Spreadsheets
*Database Management Systems
*Presentation Software
*Desktop Publishers (DTP)
*Graphics software
*Web authoring Software
*Web Browsers
*Communication Software
*Audio & video Editing software
*Project Management Software
*Educational Software
*Control Software

Office Productivity Software

• Application suite that comprises of MS Word, MS Excel, PowerPoint, MS Access, etc which Enhances productivity for office related tasks.

Word Processors

Enable users to create, format, edit or manipulate text documents which may contain some images, tables, hyperlinks, equations, simple drawings and shapes and charts.
* Letters, Reports, Essays, Books etc.
* MS Word, Writer, Word Perfect, Word star, etc.

Features:

• Spelling and grammar check tools.

• Allow users to change the font and provide different layout views to allow users to position text and images on the page.

• Some word processing applications allow people to work together on a document. Comments can be added to the text so that others can understand the writer's intention and give feedback.

• The software can also track any changes made to the document, giving others the option to accept or reject those changes.

Spreadsheets

• A program which displays information in form of a table divided into rows and columns forming individual boxes known as cells. Spreadsheet programs allow calculations to be done on cells or on group of cells. Examples:- MS Excel, Lotus 1-2-3, Quadra Pro, Open Office SpreadsheetFeatures of Spreadsheets.*

Has a feature that allows users to enter text, number or formula into any cells.

• Have features to display data in charts.

• Has formula that allows calculations to be done on other cells

• Allows a variety of operations to be done on rows and columns e.g. resizing rows and columns, inserting and deleting rows and columns.

Database Management Systems

Programs that enable users to create and manage databases
Data entry forms so that users can input data.
Query editors so that users can select all data that meets certain criteria.
Report builders so that users can display data in a more readable format.

• They store data in form of record. A record is a collection of related fields.
  Has ability to sort data into different orders.
  Has the facility to combine results from tables into reports.
  Image Editing Software

These are application software that enable us to create and edit images. Image editing applications can be categorized into two;

• Drawing software – they are used to create vector format images. This are images made through a sequence of commands or mathematical statements that place lines and shapes in a given two-dimensional or three- dimensional space. E.g. Adobe Photoshop Photoshop
  *Painting software – they are used create bit-mapped images. These are images produced by changing the colors of the dots that make up the image (pixels). E.g. Paint

Drawing Packages (Graphics Editors)

They allow us to create or edit vector graphics. An example of drawing software is Adobe Photoshop.
Features of graphics editors include:
They are able to vectorize images – i.e. to convert bitmap images to vector image
*They allow use of layers - the ability to place some graphics on top of others

• Adding text

• Adding or drawing shapes and lines
  *Resizing, aligning or moving shapes and lines

• Altering the color of shapes, lines and fill areas.

Painting Packages (Photo Editors )

These allow users to edit and enhance digital photographs and images. An example of photo editing software is Paint.
Features of photo editors include;

• Adjusting brightness and contrast
  *Resizing the image
  *Altering sharpness and blurring
  *Applying filters and effects such as distortion
  *Red-eye removal
  *Cropping

Differences between Vector & Bit-mapped Images:

Graphics can be categorized into two; Bit-mapped file images and vector-format files.

Desktop Publishers (DTP)

• Sofftware used to create publications such as magazines, newsletters, leaflets, posters etc.*

• They very similar to word processors but are more suitable for creating publications that require a mixture of graphics and text.

• Examples of DTP include; MS Publisher, Adobe Illustrator, Adobe InDesign, Corel Draw, Page Maker, etc.

Features of DTP;

They allow blending of images and text.
They have text place holders that allow one to precisely place text in the page
They require some expertise to use unlike word processors

Sound Editors

• Sound editing software allows users to edit audio files or to join together different audio files in order to create multitrack music or soundtracks for video. An example of sound editing software is Audacity®.*

Features of this software include;
Cut and join audio clips
Mute and solo some audio tracks
Alter volume levels for individual tracks
Change tempo
Frequency equalization (changing the levels of high and low pitch frequencies)
Add effects like reverberation
Apply audio processing such as Reverse, Noise reduction, Normalization, Fade the volume in, so that it gets louder, or out, so that it gets quieter.

Presentation Software

Presentation software allows users to create multimedia content, including images, text, animation, audio and video. This content can be placed on slides or pathways that are used to illustrate and support the spoken content of a talk given to an audience. An example of presentation software include MS Power Point and Prezi.

Features of a Presentation Software
The following are features of a presentation software
Some applications allow users to practice timings and add narration that automatically plays back on the appropriate slides.
These slides can be set to advance(move) automatically after a set period of time, or on command from the presenter.
*Notes can be added to the presentation to remind and prompt the presenter to speak about specific points during the presentation.

Web Authoring Software

Software programs that enable users to create web pages.
An example of web authoring software is Adobe Dreamweaver, MS Web Expression, MS Front Page.
Some web authoring applications will allow users to produce complex websites with little or no experience of HTML coding.
These applications are sometimes called 'What You See Is What You Get' WYSIWYG editors, because the published page will look very similar to the page that the user edits in the web authoring application.

Web Browsers

Enable users to view web pages and websites created in web authoring software. Web pages could be locally on the computer or hosted on web servers that could be accessed through the internet. These servers may be in another country.
Browsers also allow users to access other systems that use the internet but are not on the World Wide Web, such as file transfer protocol (FTP) servers, e-mail, instant messaging, etc.
Examples of web browsers include Google Chrome, Microsoft Edge or Mozilla Firefox, etc.

Control Software

Used to automate the movement of control devices or actuators, such as motors.
Control software is often used in engineering, vehicles and building control systems.
Control software takes input from sensors, makes a decision based on the input value and then outputs something, such as a command, as a result.
Applications of control Software:
In lifts
Traffic lights
*Burglar Alarm systems etc

Project Management Software

Applications that are used to help plan and track the individual tasks in a project.

Features of Project Management Software;

It can set milestones – important steps in the project.
Has a feature that allocates tasks to individual people or groups of people.
Provide tools for tracking the costs
*Able to arrange for resources to be delivered on time.

Communication Software

• enable us to communicate through electronic networks or smartphones.*
  E-mail applications such MS Outlook, Gmail App on smart phones.
  Social Apps such as Facebook, Instagram, etc.
  SMS and MMS
  messaging Apps such as WhatsApp*

Software Licensing

A software license is a legal document governing the use or redistribution of the software. It give a user permission to use one or more copies of software in ways where such a use would otherwise potentially constitute copyright infringement of the software owner's exclusive rights under copyright law.
When buying software, the purchaser may acquire some or all of the following:-
Copy of software on a CD-ROM or access rights to download software from website.
Manual explaining how to use the software.
licence use the software.
*Proprietary
*Opensource
*Trail version
*Shareware
*Freeware
Types of Software Licenses
There are a variety of different types of software licenses, with different characteristics and conditions:
*Proprietary - Proprietary software, or closed source software, is computer software licensed by the copyright holder with the intent that the licensee (the user) is given the right to use the software under certain conditions, and restricted from other uses, such as modification and sharing.
*Opensource - This type of license makes the source code and design of the software available to anyone who wants to enhance or develop it. It is important not to confuse open source software with free software.
*Trial version - Trial version refers to a version of the software that is only usable for a certain period of time before it has to be purchased.
*Shareware - This is where software is initially