Bio Lecture Quiz Review Pt 2

Na+1 (sodium - 11 protons, 11 elections)

Cl-1 (chlorine - 17 protons , 17 electrons)

compound → want a balanced shell

Na+1→←Cl-1 - transfer electron, bond to form NaCl (sodium chloride)

• whenever you transfer electrons, it's called ionic bonding

• just have to balance each other out to bond

non-living compounds:

• most of the elements used (rarely see carbon)

• Few atoms (H20, NaCl)

• always use ionic bonding (ionization → they form ions)

• form electrolytes (anything that ionizes) (include an acid)

human pH = 7.4

acid: pH below 7

• always has H in front

base: pH above 7

• always has OH at the end

salt: pH=7

NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O

living compounds: (organic)

• always use carbon (often with hydrogen)

• many atoms (C6H12O6 - glucose)

• covalent bonding (sharing electrons)

• no ionization, no electrolytes

• carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Carbohydrates (CHO)

• carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

• when you break them down → glucose (blood sugar) (ATP)

• classified as carbones

• sugars, saccarides

• classifications:

• pentose (5 carbon sugar) (C5) (ribose, deoxyribose)

• 6 carbon sugar (C6)

• 1= monosaccharide (glucose, fructose, galactose)

• isomer= same molecular formula, diferent structure

• 2= disaccharide (more complex, more atoms) (sucrose, maltose, lactose)

• poly saccharide ( multiple units of atom, very large) (glycogen , starch, cellulose,

anti coaglant)

Lipids (Fats) (CHONP):

• carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorous

• breaks down into fatty acids → ATP

• doesn't dissolve in water

• classifications:

• triglycerides: Simple, 3 FA+glyceral alconol

• phospholipids: compound, 2 FA+glyceral + phosphate

• Steroids: 4 fused carbon rings (very large)

Proteins (CHONDS) :

• carry out all functions of the body

• breaks down into amino acids (20 in body)

• classifications:

• chain of AA = primary protein

• secondary protein = helix

• tertiary protein = 3D

• quartenary = more than 1 subunit

• Structural = Keratin (hair, nails)
  collagen (ligaments)

• contractile= actin, myosin
  (come together→ muscles contract)

• regulatory = hormones

• transport: hemoglobin (transports our blood)

• enzymatic = lactase (ase= enzyme)

• immunoglobins = antibodies
  (IgM, IgG, IgA, IgE, IgD)

Nucleic Acids:

• DNA (Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid) (stays in nucleus):

• blueprint of life, double helix - hydrogen bonds (ATCG) (A-G= purines, T-C-U= pyrimidines)

• 3 components = sugar, phosphuric acid, nitrogen base

• RNA (Ribose Nucleic Acid ):

• pentose sugar (ribose sugar), uracil

protein synthesis:

• use DNA+ RNA

• proteins made in cytoplasm

• enzyme→RNA polymerase= allows DNA to transcrive mRNA, matching bases (double helix splits, matches T-U)

• proteins need ribosomes, rRNA attaches to messenger

• codon (messaging code) mRNA, translate it (decode) tRNA=anticodon (U-A) (each 3 bases= triplet, code for protein) (UGA=stop)

mRNA: messenger

rRNA: ribosomal

tRNA: transfer