HHD SAC 2
Biological Factors – Relates to the structure of the cells, tissues and systems and how well they work.
- Body Weight
- Blood Pressure
- Cholesterol Levels
- Birth Weight
Environmental Factors – The physical surroundings in which we work, live and play.
- Housing
- Work Environment
- Design and infrastructure
- Climate Change
- Geographical Location
Sociocultural Factors – Relates to the social and cultural condition in which people are born, grow, live and age.
- Income
- Occupation
- Education
- Social Isolation
Smoking and Vaping – Smoking is inhaled to be tasted and absorbed into the bloodstream. Nicotine impairs brain development and increases the risk of anxiety and depression.
Risk factor of smoking:
- Back pain
- Cardiovascular disease
- Lung, mouth and stomach cancer
- Asthma
Alcohol – contains kilojoules, that can lead to weight gain and obesity.
Alcohol misuse – the excessive use of alcohol.
Alcoholism – a person cannot stop drinking once they start.
Binge Drinking – someone drinks just because, considered binge drinking for men if they drink 7 or more and women 5 or more.
Risk factors of alcohol:
- Overweight and obesity (kilojoules in each drink add up and increase weight gain)
- Injuries (act impulsively and take risks, could lead to suicide attempts and self-harm)
- Prenatal and infant (increase the risk of premature death, low birth weight and fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD))
Overweight and Obesity – Relates to carrying excess body weight that negatively impact health and wellbeing. BMI -> (25-29.9 overweight, 30+ obese).
Could lead to:
- Cardiovascular Disease (the heart has to work harder to pump blood around the body, increasing the risk of hypertension, strokes and heart attacks)
- Type 2 diabetes (the pancreas struggles to produce enough insulin)
- Arthritis and osteoporosis (being overweight adds pressure on joints, leading to osteoporosis. Bone on bone contact is how arthritis comes about, mainly in knees, neck, lower back and fingers)
Fibre – is a type of carbohydrate found in plant origin foods, fibre promotes fullness since its not absorbed into the body.
Two types of fibre:
- Soluble absorbs water (found in oats)
- Insoluble (will not change in texture if left in water, fruit and vegetable skin)
Fibre reduces the absorption of glucose, protecting against type 2 diabetes.
Risk factors fibre:
- Cardiovascular disease
- Colorectal cancer
- Type 2 diabetes
- Overweight and obesity
Iron – carries the oxygen in the blood (the haem part of haemoglobin)
Risk factors of iron:
- Iron deficient anaemia.
Fruits and Vegetables – nutrient dense foods (have lots of vitamins and minerals), low in kj but high in fibre and antioxidants.
Antioxidants – reduces the impact of free radicals, free radicals can damage healthy body cells, leading to cardiovascular disease.
Risk factors of fruit and vegetables:
- Underconsumption can lead to the risk of high BMI and high weight gain/ management)
- Free radicals can damage body cells leading to increased rates or mortality and morbidity.
- Underconsumption of fruit and vegetables during pregnancy can increase the risk of neural tube defects, like spinal bifida.
Dairy – products that are produced by animals (like milk, butter, yoghurt, etc)
Underconsumption of Dairy can lead to:
- Underconsumption
- Underconsumption of dairy can lead to the risk of developing colorectal cancer.
- Underconsumption of dairy can lead to the risk of developing type 2 diabetes.
- Underconsumption of dairy means that teeth aren’t as strong, increasing risk of dental carries.
- Underconsumption of dairy can lead to osteoporosis due to the bones being weak and brittle.
Fats (lipids) – fat is unused energy that leads to weight gain. Saturated and trans fats are bad, leading to high cholesterol levels.
Risk factors of overconsumption of fats:
- Excessive fat intake, leads to high body mass index.
- To much LDL leads to deposits on the walls of the blood vessels, giving the blood less room to travel the cells.
Salt (sodium) – sodium is salt when its been put into the body.
Risk factors of overconsumption of salt:
- High levels of sodium draws excess fluid out of the cells, increasing blood volume.
- Increased blood volume and hypertension forces the heart to work harder, leading to heart failure due to the heart not being able to keep up with demands.
- Excessive sodium causes calcium to be excreted urine, which leads to bones becoming weak and fragile.
Sugar (simple carbohydrates) – sugar is found naturally in foods and added to some processed foods, if sugar is eaten in excess and becomes stored as adipose.
Risk factors of overconsumption of sugar:
- Sugars provide food for mouth bacteria, producing acids that cause dental decay and carries.
Periodontitis – involves inflammation and infection of tissues supporting teeth.