LECTURE EXAM 1 REVIEW
1. What is a monosaccharide?
Answer: The simplest carbohydrate; a single sugar molecule (e.g., glucose, fructose, galactose).
2. What are the functions of monosaccharides?
Answer: Provide immediate energy and serve as building blocks for larger carbohydrates.
3. What is a disaccharide?
Answer: A carbohydrate made of two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic bond.
4. Examples of disaccharides?
Answer: Sucrose, lactose, maltose.
5. Define atom, element, compound, molecule, and isotope.
Answer:
Atom: Smallest unit of matter
Element: Substance made of one type of atom
Compound: Two or more different elements chemically combined
Molecule: Two or more atoms bonded together
Isotope: Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons
6. What is pH?
Answer: A measure of hydrogen ion concentration; indicates acidity or alkalinity.
7. What are the different types of fats?
Answer:
Saturated fats: No double bonds
Unsaturated fats: One or more double bonds
Trans fats: Artificially hydrogenated fats
8. How many covalent bonds can an atom form?
Answer: Determined by valence electrons. Example:
Carbon = 4 bonds
Oxygen = 2 bonds
Nitrogen = 3 bonds
Hydrogen = 1 bond
9. What pH is considered acidic?
Answer: Less than 7.
10. What pH is considered basic (alkaline)?
Answer: Greater than 7.
11. What easily crosses the cell membrane?
Answer: Small nonpolar molecules such as oxygen and carbon dioxide.
12. What cannot easily cross the cell membrane?
Answer: Large molecules, ions, and polar molecules.
13. What is a channel protein?
Answer: A membrane protein that provides a passageway for substances.
14. What is a carrier protein?
Answer: A membrane protein that changes shape to move substances across the membrane.
15. What is diffusion?
Answer: Movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration.
16. What is osmosis?
Answer: Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
17. Know the major organelles.
Answer:
Nucleus = control center
Ribosomes = protein synthesis
ER = transport/synthesis
Golgi = packaging
Lysosomes = digestion
Mitochondria = ATP production
18. What are microfilaments?
Answer: Thin cytoskeletal fibers made of actin.
19. What are intermediate filaments?
Answer: Fibers that provide structural support.
20. What are microtubules?
Answer: Hollow tubes involved in shape, transport, cilia, and flagella.
21. What are DNA nucleotides made of?
Answer: Phosphate group, deoxyribose sugar, and nitrogenous base.
22. What is a hypotonic solution?
Answer: Lower solute concentration outside the cell.
23. What happens to animal cells in a hypotonic solution?
Answer: They swell and may burst.
24. What is a hypertonic solution?
Answer: Higher solute concentration outside the cell.
25. What happens to plant cells in hypotonic and hypertonic solutions?
Answer:
Hypotonic = turgid
Hypertonic = plasmolyzed
26. How do cilia and flagella move?
Answer: Using microtubules arranged in a 9+2 pattern.
27. Cytosol vs. cytoplasm?
Answer:
Cytosol = intracellular fluid
Cytoplasm = cytosol + organelles
28. What dissolves in water?
Answer: Polar and ionic substances.
29. Why can an element form covalent bonds?
Answer: To fill its outer electron shell.
30. What is the extracellular matrix in animal cells made of?
Answer: Glycoproteins, collagen fibers, and proteoglycans.
31. How is membrane fluidity maintained?
Answer: Cholesterol helps regulate membrane fluidity.
32. What is active transport?
Answer: Movement against the concentration gradient using ATP.
33. What are major polysaccharides?
Answer: Starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin.
34. Which organelle produces ATP?
Answer: Mitochondria.
35. Why is ice less dense than liquid water?
Answer: Hydrogen bonds create an open crystal structure.
36. Why is water polar?
Answer: Oxygen attracts electrons more strongly than hydrogen.
37. Cohesion vs. adhesion?
Answer:
Cohesion = water sticks to water
Adhesion = water sticks to other substances
38. What is mass number?
Answer: Protons + neutrons.
39. What are the monomers of major polymers?
Answer:
Proteins → amino acids
Carbohydrates → monosaccharides
Nucleic acids → nucleotides
Lipids (not polymers) → glycerol + fatty acids
40. What is starch?
Answer: Plant energy-storage polysaccharide.
41. What is glycogen?
Answer: Animal energy-storage polysaccharide.
42. What linkage joins monosaccharides?
Answer: Glycosidic linkage.
43. What linkage is found in lipids?
Answer: Ester linkage.
44. What is endocytosis?
Answer: Cell takes material in using vesicles.
45. What is a covalent bond?
Answer: Sharing of electrons.
46. What is an ionic bond?
Answer: Transfer of electrons causing attraction between ions.
47. What is a hydrogen bond?
Answer: Weak attraction involving hydrogen and electronegative atoms.
48. What is an isotope?
Answer: Same number of protons, different number of neutrons.
49. Difference between single, double, and triple covalent bonds?
Answer:
Single = 1 shared pair
Double = 2 shared pairs
Triple = 3 shared pairs
50. Why do oceans become more acidic?
Answer: CO₂ dissolves in water forming carbonic acid.
51. What is a buffer?
Answer: Substance that resists changes in pH.
52. Why is carbon the backbone of organic compounds?
Answer: Carbon forms four stable covalent bonds.
53. Phagocytosis vs. autophagy?
Answer:
Phagocytosis = engulfing external material
Autophagy = recycling damaged cell components
54. What is Tay-Sachs disease?
Answer: Lysosomal storage disease caused by inability to break down GM2 gangliosides.
55. What organelle is involved in Tay-Sachs disease?
Answer: Lysosome.
56. What are the major organ systems?
Answer: Integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive.
57. Which organelle packages proteins?
Answer: Golgi apparatus.
58. What are DNA complementary base pairs?
Answer:
A pairs with T
C pairs with G
59. Levels of organization?
Answer: Atom → Molecule → Organelle → Cell → Tissue → Organ → Organ System → Organism.
60. What are characteristics of life?
Answer: Organization, metabolism, responsiveness, growth, development, reproduction, homeostasis.
61. What is a serous membrane?
Answer: Membrane lining body cavities and covering organs.
62. What are the major body cavities?
Answer: Cranial, vertebral, thoracic, abdominal, pelvic.
63. What is the anatomical position?
Answer: Standing upright, palms forward, feet forward.
64. What is the supine position?
Answer: Lying face up.
65. What is the prone position?
Answer: Lying face down.
66. What is the sagittal plane?
Answer: Divides left and right.
67. What is the frontal (coronal) plane?
Answer: Divides front and back.
68. Superior vs. inferior?
Answer:
Superior = above
Inferior = below
69. Medial vs. lateral?
Answer:
Medial = toward midline
Lateral = away from midline
70. What cavity contains the lungs?
Answer: Pleural cavities.
71. What cavity contains the heart?
Answer: Pericardial cavity.
72. Most common elements in living organisms?
Answer: Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen.
73. Why is the membrane a phospholipid bilayer?
Answer: Hydrophilic heads face water; hydrophobic tails face inward.
74. What is a trace element?
Answer: Element required in very small amounts (e.g., iron, iodine).
75. Which organelle contains digestive enzymes?
Answer: Lysosome.