Lecture Notes Flashcards

EEG, EMG, EOG, and Polysomnography

• EEG (Electroencephalography): Measures brain activity.
• EMG (Electromyography): Measures muscle activity.
• EOG (Electrooculography): Measures eye activity (represented as @og Activity).
• Polysomnography: A sleep study.

Sleep Disorders

• Insomnia: Difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep.
• Hypersomnia: Excessive sleepiness or excessive need for sleep.
• Parasomnias: Sleep disorders worsened by sleep.

Muscle and Movement Terminology

• Dwanghouding: Automatic posture due to pain.
• Contractuur: Shortened fibers.
• Tremor: Shaking of a patient.
• Isometrische oefening: Exercise involving resistance.
• Isotonische oefening: Active movement.
• Spieratrofie: Muscle breakdown.
• Trendelenburg/Anti-Trendelenburg: Positions.
  • Trendelenburg: head low.
  • Anti-Trendelenburg: legs low.
• Orthostatic Hypotension: Low blood pressure.

Skin and Mucous Membrane Conditions

• Alopecia: Hair loss.
• Xerosis cutis: Dry skin.
• Xerostomia: Dry mouth.
• Intertrigo: Redness in skin folds.
• IAD (Incontinence-Associated Dermatitis): Skin irritation associated with incontinence.
• Saliva: Spensel (Dutch term for saliva).
• Asialie: Absence of saliva.
• Likdoorns: Corns (yellow points).
• Caries: Tooth decay.
• Dermatomycose: Athlete's foot.
• Erosie: Damage.
• Onychomycose: Nail fungus.
• Ptosis: Drooping eyelid.
• Gingivitis: Inflamed gums.
• Parodontitis: Tooth loss.
• Stomatitis: Inflammation of the mucous membrane (white).
• Hyperplasie: Excessive mucosal membrane.
• Candidiasis: Yeast/fungal infection.
• Cheilitis angularis: Cracks at the corners of the mouth.
• Halitosis: Bad breath.
• Nagelmycose: Nail fungus.

Respiratory System

• Hue Pademhaling Spieren: Use of neck and shoulder muscles for breathing.
• Cheyne-Stokes Respiration: Apneic periods; seen in dying patients.
• Biot's Respiration: Irregular and shocking breathing pattern.
• Expectoration: Coughing up sputum.

Cardiovascular System

• Tachycardia: Heart rate > 120 bpm (during exertion).
• Bradycardia: Heart rate < 50 bpm (at rest).
• Systolic Pressure: Upper blood pressure.
• Diastolic Pressure: Lower blood pressure (heart filled with blood).
• Hypotension: Blood pressure < 100/50.
• Hypertension: Blood pressure >= 140/90 (elevated).
• Essential Hypertension (95%): No known cause.
• Secondary Hypertension (5%): Has a cause.
• Korotkoff Sounds: Sounds heard when measuring blood pressure.
• Axillary: Under the armpit.
• Pulse Oximetry: Saturation measurement.
• Arrhythmia: Irregular pulse.
• Riva-Rocci: Manual blood pressure measurement with a stethoscope.
• Vaquez: Palpation method (no stethoscope), measures systolic only.
• Oscillometric: Digital measurement.

Temperature Measurement

• **Rectal Temperature (up to 3 years old).
• Afebrile: 36-37.5°C.
• Pyrexia/Febris: > 38°C.
• Hyperpyrexia: > 40°C.
• Subfebrile: 37.5-37.9°C.
• Hypothermia: < 35°C.
• Mild Hypothermia: 32-35°C.
• Severe Hypothermia: <32°C
• Pyrogens: Fever-inducing substances.
• KORES: To control the yuuk (Dutch phrase).

Respiratory Assessment Parameters

• R = Rate: Respiratory Rate.
• T = Tidal Volume: terug volume.
• W = Work of Breathing: Arbeid.
• O = Oxygenation: Saturation.

Clinical Assessment

• Roene Lyn Hartslag: Green Line heart rate.
• Rood Ey ploed Rull : Red eye blood pressure (not heart rate).
• Lichtbeauw saturatie : Light blue saturation.
• Inspectie: Visual examination.
• Palpatie: Palpation (feeling).
• Auscultatie: Auscultation (listening).
• Percussie: Percussion (tapping and listening).

Initial Assessment Priorities

• Order of 1st Parameters in Rest:
  • A = Airway.
  • B = Breathing.
  • C = Circulation.
  • D = Disability.
  • E = Exposure.

Neurological Conditions

• Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges.
• Petechiae: Non-blanching skin bleeding.
  • Suggests blood poisoning.
• Glasgow Coma Scale: Canal & enLoger urgent.
• Pediatric Coma Scale: Adapted for age.
• Pupil Size: 5 mm.
• Miosis: Small pupils (light).
• Mydriasis: Large pupils.
  • Brain bleed on the side of the large pupil
• Anisocoria: Unequal pupils.

Breathing Patterns

• Eupnea: Normal breathing.
• Tachypnea: Fast breathing (from 24 breaths/min).
• Bradypnea: Slow Rate

AVPU Scale

• A = Alertheid: Alert.
• V = Verbal: Response to verbal stimuli.
• P = Pyngevoeligheid: Response to pain.
• U = Unresponsive: No response.

Glasgow Coma Scale Details

• Eye, Motoric, Verbal responses assessed.
• Isocorie: Equal pupil diameter.
• Corneal Reflex: Watenstaafje ogen (blinking).
• Normal Respiratory Frequency: 12-18/minute.
• **Normal Soomeleucht *Active Inademen.
  • Passive Vit ademen.
• Kussmaul Breathing: Deep, rapid breathing.
  • Can be hyperventilation.
• Productive Cough: Coughing up sputum.
• Non-Productive Cough: Dry/prickling cough.

Vital Parameters (Children)

• Infant:
  • Heart Rate: 110-180/min.
  • Respirations: 25-60/min.
  • Blood Pressure: 75/50 mmHg.
• 2 Years:
  • Heart Rate: 80-160/min.
  • Respirations: 18-40/min.
  • Blood Pressure: 85/70 mmHg.
• 10 Years:
  • Heart Rate: 60-120/min.
  • Respirations: 14-25/min.
  • Blood Pressure: 110/80 mmHg.
• POKLIS: Pijn observatie kind schaal.
• Early Warning Score: Hoog=Arts in kollen (high = doctor in call).

Wound Care

• Passive Wound Dressing: Protective, absorbent.
• Active Wound Dressing: Actively influences wound healing.
• Ullus cruris: Wound on the lower leg due to vein problems.
• Polsteren: Preparation with gifs as skin protection.

Urinary Terminology

• Mictie: Urination.
• Diurese: Fluid intake and loss.
• Retentie: Incomplete bladder emptying.
• Polyurie: >2L/day and >8x/day (frequent).
• Oligurie: <400 mL/day (scant).
• Anurie: <50 mL/day (almost absent).
• Nycturie: Nighttime urination.
• Dysurie: Painful urination.
• Pollakisurie: Frequency of urination.
• Hematurie: Blood in urine.
• Pyurie: Pus in urine.
• Albuminurie: Protein in urine.
• Glucosurie: Glucose in urine.

Oxygenation

• Hypoxemia: Insufficient oxygen in the blood.
• Hypoxia: Insufficient oxygen in tissues.

Gastrointestinal and Other Terms

• Huidturgor: Skin elasticity (hand).
• Pyrosis: Acid reflux.
• Emesis: Vomiting.
• Ileus: Blocked intestinal passage.
• Koffie gruis braken: Coffee-ground emesis (blood).
• Hyperemesis Gravidarum: Pregnancy vomiting.
• Loos braken: Vomiting with an empty stomach.
• Retentie braken: Vomiting undigested food.
• Maagzuur: Stomach acid.
• Dysphagie: Swallowing problems.
• Salem Sump: Air catheter.
• Fistula: Unnatural connection between two organs.
• Perspiratio Insensibilis: Transepidermal water loss and exhalation.