School Counseling PreK-12 FINAL PRACTICE
School Counseling Techniques and Theories
1. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
Definition: Talk therapy aimed at helping individuals identify and change unhelpful thoughts and behaviors.
Focus: Concentrates on current thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
Structure: Goal-oriented approach.
Process:
Identify unhelpful thoughts/behaviors.
Challenge and change those thoughts.
Develop coping skills.
Alter behaviors.
Break down problems into manageable parts.
2. Free Association
Origin: Developed by Sigmund Freud in psychoanalysis.
Definition: Involves sharing thoughts freely without censorship.
Therapist's Role: Understand the connections between the patient’s thoughts.
Purpose: Aims to uncover the unconscious mind, vital for understanding conflicts and motivation.
3. Thought Stopping
Origin: A CBT strategy.
Definition: A technique to interrupt and change negative thoughts.
Process:
Identify bothersome thoughts.
Use physical or mental cues to halt negative thinking.
Redirect thoughts to neutral or positive alternatives.
Techniques:
Verbally say "stop" to oneself.
Visualize a stop sign.
Use phrases like "that is not true" to counter negative thought patterns.
Employ positive affirmations (e.g., "I am strong").
Distract oneself with music or other stimuli.
Therapeutic Techniques and Concepts
4. Dream Analysis
Origin: Based in psychoanalysis by Sigmund Freud.
Definition: Interpreting dreams to unveil hidden desires and conflicts from the unconscious mind.
Purpose: Dreams serve as pathways to the unconscious, revealing fundamental desires and conflicts.
5. Adlerian Technique
Focus: Emphasizes understanding individuals in relation to their social contexts.
Goals:
Provide insight into an individual’s lifestyle.
Facilitate positive change.
Reorient harmful beliefs.
Encourage beneficial social behaviors.
Key Concepts:
Birth order significantly impacts personality and social development.
Behavior serves a purpose.
6. Group Therapy Factors
Universality: Learning from shared experiences with others.
Altruism: Gaining from helping others by sharing problems.
Cohesion: Feeling connected and supported within the group.
Instilling Hope: Hearing others' improvements can inspire hope.
Interpersonal Learning: Learning to communicate and interact effectively.
Imitation: Observing and mimicking behaviors of leaders and therapists.
Corrective Recapitulation: Acknowledging family dynamics within group settings.
Imparting Information: Providing knowledge that aids understanding of personal issues.
Prominent Career Development Theories
Holland's Theory of Vocational Types
Traits - RIASEC Model:
Realistic
Investigative
Artistic
Social
Enterprising
Conventional
Key Insight: Individuals possess traits from all six types, but dominant traits guide career choices.
Super's Lifespan, Life-Space Theory
Perspective: Career development is staged, with evolving goals and perceptions.
Stages:
Growth
Exploration
Establishment
Maintenance
Decline
Purpose: Understanding stages aids in creating realistic career goals that adapt to changing life priorities.
Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT)
Focus: Career pathways shaped by self-efficacy beliefs, interests, and environmental contexts.
Gottfredson's Theory of Circumscription and Compromise
Process: Eliminates careers not aligned with self-concept, adjusting choices based on job availability and societal norms.
Self-Determination Theory (SDT)
Principle: Individuals are driven by innate growth motivations characterized by competence, autonomy, and relatedness.
Frank Parsons’ Trait and Factor Theory
Strategy: Match personal traits with job requirements.
Key Steps:
Know oneself.
Understand the job market.
Find the right fit.
Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory
Emphasizes the influence of past experiences in shaping motivation toward career paths.
Ann Roe’s Needs Theory
Focus: Assessing needs and values from life experiences, accounting for environmental and genetic factors to find fitting careers.
Tiedeman and Miller’s Decision-Making Model
Based on Erikson’s psychosocial stages with two phases:
Anticipation: Exploration and choice.
Implementation: Acting and adjusting choices.
Krumholtz’s Social Learning Theory
Career influenced by genetic endowment, environmental conditions, learning experiences, and task approach skills.
Ginzberg’s Developmental Theory
Outlines career development across three stages:
Fantasy
Tentative
Realistic
School Counselor History
1900s: Introduction of vocational guidance.
1920s: Transition towards personal adjustment counseling.
1930s: Formalization of guidance services within pupil personnel services.
1940s/50s: Legislative influence boosting training and positions.
1952: Establishment of ASCA (American School Counselor Association).
1960s: Expansion into elementary school counseling.
1960s/70s: Development of structured programs and roles.
2001: Federal legislation acknowledges school counselor contributions.
2003: Implementation of ASCA National Model.
2003-Present: Ongoing adoption of ASCA model.
HIPAA and FERPA
HIPAA: Protects patient privacy concerning medical records and health care transitions, ensuring confidentiality.
Rights include inspecting and amending health records and limiting info disclosure.
Applies broadly but usually bypassed in elementary and secondary education.
FERPA: Protects student educational records, ensuring confidentiality in school-related health records.
Defines education records based on relationships to individual students.
Section 504
Ensures the inclusion of individuals with disabilities, preventing discrimination in federally funded activities, including education.
Guarantees equal access to programs and services, ensuring students with disabilities enjoy Free Appropriate Public Education (FAPE).
Types of Data for Counseling Outcomes
Outcome Data: Evaluates the results/impact of interventions.
Process Perception Data: Describes the interventions conducted and their participants.
Participation Data: Identifies who participated in interventions or programs.
Curriculum Results: Measures outcomes following specific curriculum interventions.
Developmental Considerations for Career Counseling (K-12)
Career Development: Recognized as a lifelong process starting in elementary years.
Early Awareness: Career exposure for younger students (PK-1) is vital.
Grades 2-3: Career exploration efforts continue, introducing students to career clusters.
Grades 4-5: Peer influence on career decisions becomes more significant.
Middle School (6-7): A pivotal stage where academic and social considerations must be addressed.
Activities: Implementing career scavenger hunts, snapshots, and community visits.
High School: Focus on career exploration websites, vision boards, mock interviews, and job shadowing.
Career Counseling and Postsecondary Planning
Career Exploration: In-depth research essential for specific career paths, while acknowledging the limitations of general interest inventories.
Importance of Research: Evaluating different career facets, college majors, and internships before job commitment.
Student Transitions and Support
Middle School Transition: Critical role of orientation for student preparation.
Parental vs. Direct Support: While parental involvement is important, direct support from school is paramount.
Ethical and Legal Guidelines in Counseling
Student Confidentiality: Emphasizes the importance of maintaining confidentiality and knowing when exceptions apply (e.g., reporting obligations).
FERPA Responsibilities: Local Education Agencies (LEAs) must provide annual notifications regarding FERPA rights, excluding principals and regulatory bodies from these responsibilities.