Gen Psych Final Exam

Chapt 13 – Social Psychology

  • Norms. Rules for accepted and expected behavior

  • Milgrom’s Experiment on Obedience: In class, we used an apparatus to shock a volunteer to see how far we would obey an order with every wrong answer she’d give.

  • Groupthink. Members of a group concerned with preserving group uniformity, suppressing any disagreement, to reach unanimous decision making

  • Interpersonal attraction. We likely chose others who are similar to us

  • Social Perception. 

    • Stereotype – General belief about group of people. 

    • Prejudice – unfavorable attitude towards group of people

    • Aversive Racism – Unintentionally discriminating against groups while saying people are equal

    • Discrimination – negative behavior and unequal treatment toward others

    • Primacy Effect – Principle that 1st word heard or learned is more powerful, remembered

    • Attitude - a like or dislike that influences our behavior toward a person or thing.

  • Persuasion.

    • Foot in the Door. Gain favorable response to small request, get you to agree later to big request

    • Door in the Face. Initial unreasonable request is followed by more reasonable one. 

    • Bait and Switch. Favorable deal followed by additional demands after commitment made

    • That’s not all. Offer is improved before any reply is given

    • Low ball. Someone make good offer to get you to commit to it, then makes terms less favorable

  • Bystander Effect

    • We convince ourselves if other people are present, we probably will not help someone in distress.

    • Diffusion of Responsibility. Feeling less responsible to act or help when others can

    • Social Loafing. Tend to loaf or work less when we are part of a group

  • Solomon Asch on Conformity. Maintain or alter one’s behavior to match the behavior and expectations of others, such as the class experiment with matching the lines.

  • Primacy Effect. Principle that the first information learned about someone will be a more powerful influence on our perceptions

  • Mere Exposure Effect. People tend to develop preference for things merely because they are familiar with them

  • Groupthink. Members of group are more concerned with preserving group solidarity and uniformity, than with objectively evaluating all alternatives in decision making

  • Group polarization. If most members of a group already have a strong opinion on a matter they will lean even more strongly in that direction after discussion.

  • Attribution

    • Consensus information – how one individual’s behavior compares with other people’s.

    • Consistency information – how the person’s behavior varies over time.

    • Distinctiveness – how the person’s behavior varies between situations.

  • Attribution. Explaining others’ behavior and situation. 

    • Internal – we attribute a person’s behavior to person’s disposition. External – We say external causes person’s situation.

Chapt 14 – Personality

  • Catharsis. The emotional release an experience or feeling brought about by an intense emotional experience

  • Defense Mechanism. Know each one listed on Slides. Rationalization, Repression, Regression, Denial, Projection, Displacement, Sublimination, Reaction Formulation

  • Know Karen Horney - Feminist, Carl Jung – Collective Unconscious, Alfred Adler – Inferiority Complex. See the slides on each of them.

  • MMPI – widely used personality test to measure dimensions of personality such as sociability, conscientiousness  

  • Psychoanalysis

    • ID. Primitive reaction

    • Ego. Uses reality principle 

  • Thematic Apperception Test. Projective test for people to express feelings

  • Big 5 Traits. 5 dimensions to describe personality

    • A trait is a consistent, long-lasting tendency in behavior, such as sociability, shyness or assertiveness.

    • A state is a temporary activation of particular behavior.

  • Libido - Sexual drive 

  • Learning Approach. We learn from others including our gender roles

  • Abraham Maslow. We try to reach the state of self-actualization—fulfilling our potential.

  • Humanistic Psychology. See people as good, deals with values, beliefs, depends on what people believe and how they perceive and understand the world

  • Standardized Tests. This is administered according to strict rules to a large sample of people representative of the population for whom the test will be utilized.

  • Projective Tests.

    • Thematic Apperception Test. People express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up to describe a picture scene

    • Rorschach Inkblot Test. Instructions given to interpret blots, seek peoples’ inner feelings

Chapt 15 – Abnormal Psychology

  • Family Systems Therapy. Treats person in context of family

  • Eclectic Therapy. Use combination of behavioral therapy approaches

  • Brief Therapy Model. Therapist and patient agree to length, number of meetings, expectations.

  • Person centered therapy. Therapists listen to client non-judgmentally, provides unconditional positive regard.

  • Group Therapy. Treatment of many clients in group on an ongoing basis. Clients help each other with feedback

  • Cognitive Therapy. Improves functions by changing people’s thoughts. Sets goals for changing.

  • Self-Help. No therapist involved. AA.

  • Psychoanalysis. Bringing unconscious thoughts to light

  • Humanistic Therapy. Help clients to promote self-acceptance.

  • Behavior Therapy. To change behaviors

  • Panic Disorder. Periods of anxiety, attacks of panic lasting just few minutes episodes of a sense of unreality

  • OCD. Obsessions: repetitive thoughts. Compulsions: repetitive actions (check, clean)

  • DSM. Lists acceptable labels for all psychological disorders

  • Biopsychosocial model. This model includes biological roots, psychological roots, social context. See slide.

  • Substance Abuse, drug addiction. Symptoms are tolerance, withdrawal.

  • Fear. Lab monkey learns to fear from reactions from another monkey not from source

  • Phobias. Avoidance behaviors, strong fear of object, situation

  • Schizophrenia. 

    • Hallucination – False sensory experience, such as hearing voices

    • Delusions – False idea that one believes to be true, such as Grandeur – belief they are Jesus, King, etc

    • Positive symptoms: the presence of inappropriate behaviors (hallucinations, disorganized or delusional talking)

    • Negative symptoms: the absence of appropriate behaviors (expressionless faces, rigid bodies)

Disabilities 

  • Know the terms. Sensory Disorder, Physical, Mental Retardation, Disability, Handicap, Exceptional, Mainstreaming, Special Needs, Autism

  • Learning disability – limited functioning in ability to learn

  • Handicap – Condition imposed due to physical environment as result of society

  • Exceptional – Describes people which deviates from the norm. Unusual, gifted

  • Mainstreaming – Inclusive, bringing disabled students, special needs, into mainstream of student life and classes