Chapter 5 Powerpoint Psy101

5.1 Identify the components of classical conditioning.
5.2 Recognize how emotional responses can be classically conditioned.
5.3 Explain factors affecting the acquisition and extinction of conditioned responses.
5.4 Compare similarities and differences between classical and operant conditioning.
5.5 Distinguish between positive and negative reinforcement.
5.6 Distinguish between positive and negative punishment.
5.7 Identify how different schedules of reinforcement affect behavior.
5.8 Understand how behaviors are modified through shaping.
5.9 Describe applied behavior analysis.
5.10 Identify the role of mirror neurons in learning.
5.11 Recognize characteristics necessary for observational learning.
5.12 Explain the cognitive theory of insight learning.
5.13 Define latent learning.

Pavlov's Experiments
- Studies of salivation in dogs.
- Components: Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS), Unconditioned Response (UCR), Conditioned Stimulus (CS), Conditioned Response (CR).
- Example: UCS = food, UCR = salivation.
- Neutral Stimulus (NS) becomes CS through repeated pairing with UCS.
Little Albert Experiment
- Conducted by Watson, tested conditioning of emotional responses.
- Initially, Albert showed no fear of a white rat (NS).
- Loud noise (UCS) caused fear (UCR); after pairing, CS (rat) elicited fear (CR).
Factors Affecting Conditioning
- Acquisition: Strengthening associations between NS and CR.
- Extinction: CS no longer elicits CR.
- Generalization: CR occurs to stimuli similar to CS.
- Discrimination: Specific response to particular CS.
- Taste Aversion: Conditioned avoidance of food after illness.
- Higher Order Conditioning: CS becomes UCS in new conditioning scenarios.

Differences from Classical Conditioning
- Occurs after voluntary behavior (operant), involves consequences.
- Involves reinforcement and punishment to modify behaviors.
Principles of Reinforcement
- Positive Reinforcement: Adding a desirable stimulus increases behavior.
- Negative Reinforcement: Removing an aversive stimulus increases behavior.
- Types of Reinforcers:
  - Primary: Satisfy biological needs (food, water).
  - Secondary: Gain value through association (money).
Punishment
- Aims to decrease behavior; involves either adding (positive punishment) or removing (negative punishment) stimuli.
Schedules of Reinforcement
- Continuous Reinforcement: Every instance rewarded.
- Partial Reinforcement: Occasional reinforcements; leads to resistance to extinction.
- Types:
  - Fixed-Ratio: Reward after a fixed number of responses.
  - Variable-Ratio: Reward after an unpredictable number.
  - Fixed-Interval: Reward after a specified time.
  - Variable-Interval: Reward after varying time intervals.

Shaping: Gradually guiding behavior towards the desired action through reinforcement.
Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA): Use of behavioral techniques in various settings (education, therapy).
- Example: Token economy systems rewarding desirable behavior.

Role of Mirror Neurons
- Activation during both direct actions and observing actions by others; essential for learning by imitation.
Bandura's Bobo Doll Experiment
- Characteristics needed for observational learning:
  - Attention: Focus on behavior.
  - Retention: Ability to remember the action.
  - Motor Reproduction: Capability to replicate behavior.
  - Motivation: Desire to execute the behavior.

Insight Learning
- Sudden realization of problem-solving without trial and error; often referred to as an "aha moment."
Latent Learning
- Learning not immediately expressed; becomes apparent when incentives are present.
- Example: Cognitive maps developed in rats during navigation tasks, highlighting underlying learning processes.