ap world history modern cram sheet

unit 1: 1200-1450

idea 1:

    song china maintaned and justrified its rule through confucianism and imperial bureaucracy. buddhism continued to shape chinese society and the economy of song china flourished

important continuites in song china:

confucianism → philosophy made by confucius

• revived during the previous dynasty (tang) and continued through song

  • revival → neo-confucianism

• hierarchal → everything had its place

  • women under men, subjects under rulers

  • justified the power of the rulers

imperial bureaucracy:

• officials spread through the empire to carry out the emperors will

• civil service exam → a merit based exam to become a government official

  • from confucianism

  • the best people got the job not the people with the most connections → making government more efficient

significance of buddhism:

• result of outside influence → from india

• syncretism between buddhism and daoism = chan buddhism (an innovation)

  • daoism → indigenous to china

• chan buddhism spread to areas around china → cultural diffusion

innovations that led to the song economy flourishing:

• construction of the grand canal → connected china (transportation and trade)

  • internal waterway

  • became most populous trading center in the world (due to connection)

• champa rice → more food = more babies

  • from champa kingdom (or vietnam)

• commercialization of song economy

idea 2:

    hinduism, buddhism and islam influenced state building in south and southeast asia

religions role in south asia;

• delhi sultanate (north india) → islam

  • most indians were hindu → some converted but most didnt

    • conversion was mostly about social mobility

  • unconverted people had to pay jiva taxes so they werent harrased by muslim officials

  • couldnt keep efficient bureaucracy because it couldnt consolidate

• vijay angora (south india) → hindu

  • 2 “converted” brothers sent by delhi sultanate to claim territory reconverted and established new hindu kindgdom

religions role in southeast asia:

• chief characteristic → trade destination

  • religion instrumental in developing this

• merchants introduced hinduism and buddhism

  • became basis for new kingdoms

• sri vijaya → hindu

  • taxed ship coming through their sealanes

• majaphait kingdmo → buddhist

  • controlled trade routes

idea 3:

    various civilizations of americas developed strong states, large urban centers and complex belief systems.

significant features of state building among aztecs:

• cahokia → north america

• mexica (later aztecs) → central america

• inca → south america

• mexica became the aztecs

  • continuity from the maya → decentralized, built great capital

• tribute system → expanded and sent governors to extract tribute from those who they conquered

  • how they exerted political dominance

idea 4

    african state building was facilated through participation in trade networks and religion

main features of state building:

great zimbabwe:

• mainly prospered through trade, agriculture and rich gold deposits

• most important → indian ocean trade network

  • connected them to east and west africa, middle east and south asia

• influence of foreign merchants had huge influence on development of new language → swahili

  • indigenous bantu + arabic

eithiopia:

• christian kingdom (NOT muslim which was common in africa)

• consolidated power w/ monumental architechture

  • like churches → put power on display

• eithiopian christianity developed apart from european christianity

idea 6

    state building in europe was characterized by religious beliefs, feudalism, and decentralized monarchies.

significance of religion:

• universities (scholars) and artists → generally men of the catholic church

• muslim presence in iberian peninsular (spain and portugal)

  • ejected in 1492 by the reconquista

  • led to revival of catholic church in spain and the impulse to spread

• a small and influential jew population in europe

  • also dimished by reconquista

    • many migrated to ottoman empire and due to religious tolerance some rose through the ranks

decentralized nature:

• european states were generally decentralized

  • no large european empire

• characterized by fuedalism → and manorial system (almost the same thing)

  • organized into heirarcy

    • nobles paid kings tribute and hired vassals/knights for protection

  • manorial system → serfs tied to the manor land not to the lord

agricultural innovation:

• had 3 fields they cycled through → more food

unit 2: 1200-1450

idea 1

    networks of exchange expanded and led to increasing interactions between states

silk road:

unit 3: 1450-1750

idea 1:

    various land based empires developed and expanded throughout this time period, most significantly through the use of gunpowder.

ottoman empire:

• founded in 14th century → starts small but becomes huge

  • due to using gunpowder

• 1402 controlled lots of southwestern europe + anatolia

• 1453 sacked constantinople and named it istanbul (making it muslim)

• able to do this due to gunpowder and fierce military

  • jannisaries → enslaved christians (from conquered regions) who were converted to islam and trained (especially in gunpowder weapons)

saffavid empire:

• established in 1501 under shah ismohmeal

• shi’ite dynasty

  • at odds with mughal and ottoman empire (its neighbors)

• shah abaz built up military and adopted gunpowder weapons

  • created another enslaved christian army from conquered regions

mughal empire:

• another gunpowder empire

• in south and central asia

• 1526 babur established mughal empire by getting rid of delhi sultanate

  • with gunpowder

• akbar (babur’s grandson) under his rule covered half of indian subcontinent

  • religously tolerant and very good adminstration

qing dynasty/manchu empire:

• mongol rule is declining and the ming dynasty is established

• ming dynasty weakened (internal conflicts)

• 1636 manchu take over and make qing dynasty

  • most chinese were han but qing rulers were manchu

saffavid-mughal conflict:

• as gunpowder empires were growing and expanding its inevitable that they clash

• series of wars between the saffvid and mughal empires

  • conflicting/overlapping territories and conflicting religious beliefs

    • both believed they were true islam (shi’ite vs. sunni)

• led to several wars over several decades and neither won

• example of when landbased empires expand and come into conflicts

idea 2

    rulers of land based empires gained power and maintained control by establishing bureaucracies, sponsoring the creating of art, centralizing tax collection and developing large militaries

legitimizing and consolidating power:

• legitimizing → methods a ruler uses to communicate who is in charge

• consolidating → take power from other groups/leaders and transfer to to one group/leader

formation of large bureaucracies:

• ottoman empire used dev shirma system → jannissaries

  • some were made into highly trained soldiers

  • some were made into highly trained governmental officials

• tokugawa shogunate (japan) → samurai were put on governemnt payroll

  • became salary soldiers and government officials

religious ideas:

• art, monumental architechture

• european kings claimed to rule by divine right → is claiming they are the representative of God on earth

  • louis 14th of france did this → also used architecture by building palace of versailles

    • forced many nobility to live there for a period of the year so he could control them or consolidate power

• americas:

  • aztecs → human sacrifice

  • inca empire → huge sun temple, to facilitate festivals of worship, putting wealth and power on display to communicate who is in charge

  • china (emperor xang xhi) → manchu emperor who put portraits of himself in imperial city to display himself with confucian ideals/wisdom to make himself seem better to the han

tax collection systems

• zamindar system → mughal empire

  • leaders were muslims who ruled over hindus

  • tax collection done by peopel called zamindars

    • elite landowners granted authority over peasants on land and could tax them on behalf of the imperial government

• ottoman tax farming

  • somewhat similar to zamindar system

  • similar by consolidating power

idea 3:

    belief systems could play different roles in and among land based empires. in some cases shared beliefs could bind people together or in other cases conflicting beliefs caused conflict

christianity in europe:

• since 1st century was shared belief in most european communities

• in 16th century → protestant reformation which really breaks down that unity

  • martin luther condemns the corruption of the catholic church with 95 these which spreads due to printing press resulting in split

  • different rulers either stayed catholic or imposed protestantism

• religious division led to religious wars

islam:

• sunni and shi’it split intensified

new belief systems:

• syncretism → when interacting belief systems create new belief systems

• sikhism in south asia

  • continuity → blend of hindu and islamic doctrines

  • change → it blends the 2 together and gets entirely different religion

unit 4: 1450-1750

idea 1:

    new and updated maritime technology facilitated transoceanic trade and the development of sea-based empires

adopted and adapted knowledge and tech:

• europeans borrowed from classical, islamic and asian societies

  • enabled them to become big powers

  • astrolabe → from greeks and muslims, how far north and south you were from the equater

  • magnetic compass → from china

  • latine sail → from medittarean   

new european ship designs:

• portugeuse and dutch were big ship builders

• portugeuse → caraval, very small and fast military ship

  • used lateen sail

• dutch → flout, huge cargo space and the dutch east india company (VOC) dominated trade in indian ocean

idea 2:

    european states sponsored exploration led to a rapid expansion of trade and trans-atlantic contact with the americas

3 main reasons states sponsored maritime exploration:

• money (wealth-building)    

  • having access to lucrative indian ocean trade

  • wanted to trade/access on their own terms because muslims had majority control

• spread religion (christianity)

  • tied christianity tightly to political structure

  • strong impulse to spread their religion

  • spreading religion means spreading the power of the state

• competition with other states

  • mercantalism → dominate economic system states subscribed to

    • only finite amount of wealth in the world

significance of portuguese trading post empire:

• portugal was the first to get a move on

• didnt make a tradionationl empire (in the beginning)

  • sailed around africa and made trading post empire

    • small but strategically located trading posts (in africa and indian ocean)

    • wanted complete monopoly of spice trade in indian ocean (by being small and nimble)

rise of spain’s exploration efforts:

• monarchs ferdinand and isabells sponsored christopher columbus to find sea route to asia

• sailed west which is not what portuguese did

• more interested in conquering people and land

  • making a new spain across the ocean

• effect → dramatically increased interest in trans-atlantic sailing

  • columbus found continents europe didnt know existed

  • so almost all kingdoms sponsored exploration west to get to asia (didnt find it but did find americas)

idea 3:

   columbian exchange was the transfer of animals, plants, foods and diseases from europe to the americas and vice versa. as a result of new contact europeans sought to colonize the americas.

effects of columbian exchange:

• crops/food

  • americas to europe → potatoes and maize

  • europe to americas → lots of food, rice

  • enslaved africans to americas → okra and rice

  • as afro-eurasian populations expanded diets they got healthier and lived longer and made more babies = population increase

    • lead to more tech development, wealth and dominance

• animals

  • turkeys and llamas from americas to europe

  • horses and cattle and pigs from europe to americas

• diseases

  • europe into americas → smallpox

    • devastated american population

  • as well as measles and more

  • some benefits and some downsides

    • more down for americas and more benefit for europeans

portugal’s colonization of brazil:

idea 4:

    with transoceanic contact established, european states established empires fueled by mercantlist economic policy and coereced labor sytems

mercantilism:

• finite amount of wealth in the world (gold and silver)

• emphasis on balancing trade

  • want more exports then imports

  • exports means bringing in money and imports means sending out money

• creates enormous amount of competition

africans:

• as portugal established trading post empire some africans saw them as intruders

• some african states grew due to contact with european empires

  • asanti empire

great britain in india:

• new maritime empire

• went out seeking maritime trade routes in indian ocean and across atlantic

• in indian began by establishing trading posts under authority of british east indian trading company

• took advantage of tension between muslim and hindus

  • and their influence grew until british trading company controlled most of indian subcontinent

spain in the americas:

• encountered aztec and inca empires

  • both quickly fell to spain

    • due to ravaged by disease

• conflict between states like portugal and spain over colonial claims in new world

• spain signs treaty with portugal dividing americas between the 2

  • portugal got western part of brazil and spanish east

  • continuing source of tension

• begin conquest by plundering americas for gold and silver

  • then realize the wealth is in agriculture

  • introduce labor systems to exploit the resource

• encoimenda system → coerced labor system where spanish compelled natives to work their plantations

• later replaced by hacienda → payed workers extremely low wages

  • a way to tie them to the land/another form of coerced labor

• spain also interested in minerals

  • silver was a big one

mercantilism fueled imperial expansion:

• ultimately all leads back to mercantilism

• colonies established for enriching the homeland

growth of an empire increase demand for enslaved labor:

• agriculture was real money maker so europe turned to africa cause indigenous populations of americas were dying off due to diseases

• more money made on agriculture the more demand there is for slaves

  • century long population decline in african states

• africans affected american societies → they shaped and enriched language and culture of places they were taken

idea 5:

    development of maritime empires over time significantly changed the economies and societies in which they were established.

rise of joint-stock companies:

• key to this big idea

• dutch english french all developed them

  • example: british east indian and dutch east indian companies

• allowed continued exploration/colonization to limited risk of investors

• rise and influence of these facilitated maritime colonization

economic disputes:

• moroccan-songai conflict →

  • moroccans defeated portuguese (who invaded) which made them very poor

  • so they invaded songhai empire to get more money

    • were successful to a degree

    • because its hard to maintain power over a desert that part of the empire crumbled

atlantic trade system:

• or triangle/traingular trade → just a small part of the atlantic trading system

• manufactured goods from europe exchanged for enslaved people from west africa

• enslaved people transported to americas

• raw goods to europe

how societies changed due to increased interconnection:

• same as land-based trade routes

• religion spread → either responded with syncretism or conflict

  • example of syncretism: blending of indigienous beliefs of americas with christianity

  • conflict: sunni shia divide

idea 6:

    as states imposed their cultural, political and economic will on various colonized and enslaved people resistance occured

maratha rebellion:

• mughal empire (muslim) india hindu

• hindu warriors called maratha rebelled agaisnt percieved invasion against their own beliefs

  • ultimately ended mughal empire and created maratha empire

peublo revolt:

• north america spain colonies

• peublo and apatchi american indians were tired of spanish trying to force them to convert

  • in retaliation killed hundreds of spainairds

  • and burne churches

• later spain came back and made them pay

stono rebellion:

• enslaved africans rebelled against british

idea 7:

    social categories, roles and practives were both maintaned and underwent significant change during this period.

social realities maintained:

• qing dynasty → retained chinese institutions such as civil service exams and bureaucracy

  • restrictive polivies on native han chinese

social realities changed:

• spanish casta system in new world/americas → new social heirarchy imposed on americas

  • organized society based on race and ancestry

  • on top were spaniards

  • on bottom africans and natives

  • in the middle more mixed races → more spanish blood the nearer to the top

unit 5: revolutions (1750-1900)

idea 1:

    new ways of thinking embodied in the enlightenment created the occaison for reform and revolution

enlightenment:

• european movement that shifted focus of knowledge from belief to empirical data and observation

• natural rights from john locke

• social contract from jean-jacques rousseau

• put the center on authority within the person themselves

reform movements that emerged from the enlightenment:

• womens suffrage

  • in united states women got together to call for equal rights for women especially right to vote

• abolitionism

  • slave trade banned in many of the states in early 1800s

  • russia abolished serfdom

idea 2:

    the ideas of the enlightenment, combined with rising nationalism, led to various revolutions throughout the world

nationalism:

how it affected american, french and haitian revolutions:

• american

  • declaration of independence displayed enlightenment because america was formed on enlightenment principles

    • other people saw it and inspired them

  • growing sense of nationalism due to repressive british policies

• french

  • inspired by american revolution

  • declaration of the rights of man and citizen → enlightenment document

• haitian

  • inspired by american revolution and french revolution

• simon bolivar’s letter from jamaica → enlightenment document

• led to resistance movements based on enlightenment thought

idea 3:

    industrial revolution began in britain and would eventually transfrom the world

why it began in great britain:

• industrial revolution → changes how stuff is made, no longer by hand but in factories by machines, no longer one at a time but with mass production

• began in great britain

  • proximity to waterways → is an island and has rivers and canals in it which is great for trade and great for transporting stuff

  • significant concentration of coal, iron and timber

    • timber from americas

  • urbanization → more people moving into cities and cities are where factories are

  • improved agricultural productivity

    • more food = more people = healthier populations

    • led to innovations

rise of factory system:

• factory powers industrial revolution

• initially powered by water then enventually powered by steam engines

• factories could mass produce goods in large quantities

• textiles are big money makers

• shift from artisan labor (skilled/specialized labor) to unskilled labor in factories

  • deskilling of work force

idea 4:

    as western industrialization spread, middles eastern and asian countries share in global manufacturing declined

spread of industrialization:

• rapid development of steam power helped other european countries dominate manufacturing

  • all had different factors to adopt and adapt industrialization

    • USA → massive amounts of immigration to urban centers meaning had all the human power needed to industrialize

    • russia → construction of trans-siberian railroad let distant parts of russia be connected

    • japan → embraced industrialization as a defense

      • industrialize to protect domestic cultural institutions so they didnt fall prey to growing western takeover

      • meiji restoration

• as the west (europe and US) claim larger and larger part of global manufacturing other tradionatl places are declining

  • textiles used to be indian industry however as it flourished in indian it threatened brisish

    • britain taxed indian textiles making it less profitable for indians and more profitable for british

idea 5:

    the advent of new technology fundamentally changed the landscape of manufacturing.

major difference between 1st and 2nd industrial revolution:

• 1st revolution

  • 1750s to 1830s

  • majored in textiles

  • powered by steam engine (ran on coal)

• 2nd revolution

  • majored in building matierials like steel

  • 1830s to 1920s

  • powered by oil (internal combustion engine)

  • fossil fuel revolution

    • increased overall energy available to humans

significance of railroads in the industrial age:

• transport massed produced goods to distant regions to sell

• completion of trans-continental railroads

  • USA → making several of them

    • linking eastern manufacturing with western markets

    • western raw goods with eastern manufacturing

    • united various regional economies and created national market

  • russia → trans-siberian railroads

    • same general effect

significance of the telegraph in the industrial trade:

• helped make communicationg instantanoues over long distances

• helped facilitate trade

idea 6:

    significant economic shifts occured during this rapid period including the rise of free market capitalism, transnational buisnesses and increased standards of living

free market capitalism:

• abandon mercantalism

• rise of free market capitalism

  • based on ideas of adam smith

• idea of laissez-faire

  • government should not influence economy

  • invisible hand of the market will lead to prosperity

  • consumers make own choices through laws of supply and demand

• nations rising to power adopted this

transnational corporations:

• companies that operated across national boundaries

• unilever corporation

  • dutch and british joint venture

  • focused on manufactruing house hold goods

  • had soap factories in australia, switzerland, USA, etc.

• unique innovation on how buisness was done

increased standards of living:

• because industrialization focused on mass production

  • more goods = lower prices

  • mass produce and mass consume them

• gave rise to distinct classes in wealthier states

  • the middle class!!

idea 7:

    as industrialization spread, it created the occaision for some states to enact reforms.

significance of rise of labor unions:

• factory work → dismal, long hours, dangrous conditions, low pay

  • workers grathered together into a labor unioin to bargain collectivetly

    • to improve wages and conditions

  • won minimum wage laws

  • got shorter work days, overtime pay, 5 day work weeks, etc.

significance of marxism:

• carl marx believed capitalism and entrenched class structure was ruining the rule

• laid out the solution in the communist manifesto

  • to classes: the prolitarian (working class) bourgeoisie (owned the means of production)

  • prolitarians are always opressed by bourgeosie

  • solution was socialism which led to communism

    • society defined by equality and without classes

    • workers rise up

tanzimat reforms:

• ottoman empire

• made to industrialize the ottoman empire (a bit late)

  • goal to elimnate corruption from the government

• not as successful as japans with similar goals

unit 6: consequences of industrialization (1750-1900)

idea 1:

    various idealogies contributed to the growing development of imperialism in the period 1750-1900

new wave of imperialism by europeans after industrial revolution by industrialized states

cultural ideologies motivating imperialism:

• belief in superiotiy in the white race and european/western culture

• social darwinism → applies biological darwinims to social and political realities, industrialized nations saw themselves as the ones who had best adapted

  • biological → natural selection, survival of the fittest

• desire to spread christianity

nationalist motives for imperialism:

• growing desire for powerful states to declare themselves great on the world stage

  • to do so they build bigger empires

    • ex: britain taking over india, france taking over african colonies

  • japan modnerized their military and industrialized in meiji restoration

    • began colonizing korea after defeating china in sino-japanese war

    • japan industrialized in a way that other states in the region couldnt/didnt

• main players were european but japan is in there as well

economic motives for imperialism:

• industrialized nations wanted more colonies

  • new markets and more raw matierial

• lead them searching

  • especially in african and south east asia

idea 2:

    imperial states employed different means of consolidating power in their empires and expanding their empires.

non-state control of colonies:

• congo → began as private colony of belgium king leopold the 2nd

  • brutal policies were exposed and created international pressure to transfer the colony to the belgium state

  • non-state (leopold) to state (belgium)

• india → originally controlled by british east indian company but after sepoy rebellion the british government took direct control

  • increasing corruption and harsh policies led to sepoy rebellion/indian mutiny

new imperial powers replacing old imperial powers:

• spanish and portuguese still had empires but began to lose powers in asia and southeast asia

  • began to be replaced by new imperial powers such as USA

    • result of spanish-american war USA expanded in pacific (phillipines)

• japan expanded into parts of china, southeast asia, some pacfiic islands

• russia → expanded in poland and other eastern european nations, parts of middle east and china

what was the scramble for africa:

• africa was highly desired by europeans

  • had lots of raw matierial

• european imperial powers start fighting over wh ges what

• start to carve up africa according to their own desires

• result → led to conflict (almost armed conflict somtiems) and otto von bismarck of germany called berlin conference

  • european imperial powers peacefully split africa amongst themselves through diplomacy

    • no input from africans

idea 3:

    the new wave of imperialism during this period led to new waves of resistance from colonized peoples

direct resistance:

• peru → indignous leader tupac amaru tired of spanish atrocities

  • led rebellion against spanish that was violently crushed

• india → sepoy rebellion/indian mutiny

  • direct resistance to british domination in india

creation of new states:

• new balkan states (south east europe) → under ottomans for long time

  • wave of nationalism sweeps through various people and inspired them to fight for independence

    • ex: in greece, serbia, bulgaria

rebellions inspired by religious beliefs:

• ghost dance movement → USA

  • over course of 19th centuray americans expand into native lands

  • starting in northwest natives began believing in prophecy that taught if they performed ghost dance they would awaken ancenstral dead and they would come and help fight white settlers

  • led to series of wars and in the end the USA won

• cosa cattle killing movement → south africa

idea 4:

    the growing need for imperial powers to extract raw matierals and increase the food supply transformed the global economy

transition from subsistence to cash crop farming:

• result of imperialism many people transitioned from being subsistent farmers to cash crob farmers

  • subsitene farming → growing what you need to survive

  • cash crop farming → farming to sell them for export to generally distant land

    • i.e. coffee, sugar, rubber

• uruaguay and argentina → cattle ranching bacame huge buisness to satisfy european and american demand for beef

• peru and chile → began specializing of guano (bird poop) a really good fertilizer

  • led to easier mass production of crops

  • furthur put imperialist states into cash crop economies

• colonial economies were transformed to meet the needs of urban centers across the world in imperial hubs and not the needs of the colonial people themselves

idea 5:

    industrialized states and buisnesses within those states practiced economic imperialism primarily in asia and latin america

economic imperialism:

• situation whre one country has power (a lot) over another

  • instead of controlling state and politics wield power over the economy

    • forcing weaker state to serve greater power economic needs

• china → began with opium wars

  • trade deficit between china and britain so britain fixed it by smuggling in opium and getting them addicted

  • china didnt like that so they banned it and destoryed british opium

    • british did not like

  • british retaliated and initiated opium wars and the british won

    • thanks to better industrialization capacity

  • british forced chiana to open trading ports to them and a free trade agreement

    • britain took over economically

factors that led to european states excersizing economic imperialism in asia and latin america:

• other states rushed to get trading rights in china

  • china was carved into spheres of influence

    • japan, france, russia, gernmany, USA, britain

  • each country had exclusive traing rights rwith chian in that sphere

  • organized economies of the sphere to give themselves a advantage

• always keen to shape the economies of their colonies to serve them (the imperial country)

  • mostly to teh detriment of the colony

• USA invested in mexico and cuba for their infrastructure

  • not for mexico and cuba but for USA

• britain dominated cotton growth in india and egypt

idea 6:

     various enviroemtns and economic factors contributed to patterns of migration between 1750-1900

factors that led to new patterns of migration:

• result of industrializtion and globaliztion massive migrations began to incur

• moved for work

  • created new labor systems

  • slavery begins to be replaced by indentured servitued

    • a person would agree to work for anumber of years to pay for passage to wherever they were going

    • come indentured servants stayed in their new country creating ethnic enclaves and more cultural diffusion

  • asian contract labrorers → british abolished slaved trade their first attempt to replace that was to bring chinese and indian laborers who worked for very low wages

• establishing penal colonies → jail

  • australia started like this

    • britain sent its convicts there for hard labor

• also migrated because of bad conditions

  • india → lots of poverty led to mass migrations out

    • british offererd oppurtunities for indentured servitured

    • otehr powers also began doing this

how were migrants received:

• genrally faced discrimiantion

• some cases led to racist legislation

  • white australia policy

  • chinese inclusion act in USA

unit 7: global conflict (1900-pres.)

idea 1:

    internal and external factors contributed to significant change in various states across the world after 1900

russian revolution:

• russia is lagging behind the economic growth in the west

• reluctant to expand civil liberties as is custom to western nations

• loss of crimean war, and russo-japanese war

• bolsheviks seized power → established communist government

  • made russia into soveity union

qing china:

• ethinic tension under qing rulers

  • lots of ethnic groups

• constant danger of famine

• government receiveing dimisnighed revnue

• encroaching western industrializtoin and imeprial poers

• result → last chinese dynasty was overthrown

maxican revolution:

• massive wealth gap

  • espeically with regards to land

• long term coopertaion with USA investors to detriment of landless poor

  • revolution led by francisco

idea 2:

    ww1 was caused by a combination of militarism, alliances, imperialism and nationalism

main causes of ww1:

• M → militarism

  • massive build up of military weaponry thanks to industrialization

  • and military personnel

• A → alliances

  • defensive grouping of nations stacked against eachother

  • promised if one was attacked they would to their aid

  • pitting against eachother

    • if one was attacked everyone would come fight

• I → imperialism

  • fierce competition to lay claim to unclaimed colonial lands

    • fueling conflict between powers

• N → nationalism

  • intense feelings of pride in ones onw national identity

    • extremely poweful

idea 3:

    governments used a variety of strategies to fight ww1 including propaganda to mobilize their home fronts and new weapons technology in the battlefield

methods governments used to wage ww1:

• known as a total war → each country fighting it had to leverage all domestic assets to fight it

• using propaganda → thru messaging and imagery

  • communicates baised and inaccurate messages

  • meant to strikes fear into people

  • cause them to continue to support the war

• new tech:

  • poison gas

  • machine guns

  • submarines

  • tanks

• trench warfare → not new

  • combined with new miliatry tech and effiencty that industrialization could provide ammunition and other supplies ensured long lasting statlemates

  • enourmous amount of casuelties

• war ends with signing treaty of versailles

idea 4:

    following ww1 governments began to take a more prominent role in their nations economies

united states:

• 1929 great depression begins in the USA but begins spreading

• herbert hoover was the president

  • republican, very laissez-faire, does not work

• franklin roosevelt → came in with new deal to rescue USA from great depression

• result of great depression got heavily involved in economic decision making

germany:

• germany economy ruined after ww1

• hyperinflationg → money was worthless

• due to treaty of versailles → reparations

• led to the rise of facsims and nazi party

  • championed government interventrion

  • ceased reparation payments and go wild on spending on military

soviet union:

• created 5 year plans

  • meant to transofrm soviet union in to industrialize power

  • was a mess and barely worked

• collectiviation of agrictulure →

  • served needs of urban industrialization center

  • forcibly sending food to centers led to widespread famine in urban centers

idea 5:

    ww2 was caused by unsustainable preace agreement of ww1, economic crisis, and the rise of fasicst regimes, most notably nazi germany.

treaty of versailles:

economic crisis:

rise of facist regimes:

idea 6:

    ww2 was another total war and totalitarian and democratic nations deployed all their nations resources to fight and win

methods governments used to wage ww2:

• manufactuing centers were repurposed for making stuff for the war

• propaganda

• colonial men were called to fight

• women played auxiliary roles as well

US mobilization and german mobilization:

• US → democractic

  • strongest industrial sector and not endanger of destruction

  • able to produce large amount of ammunition

  • men going to war and women came to work in factories

• germans → totalitarian

  • relied on forced labor (concentration camps)

  • ultimately meant it was counter productive

    • harsh conditions meant productivity suffered

how governments repressed civil liberties during the war:

• in order to fight civil liberties wre repressed

• democracies curtailed freedom of speech

• US gathered up japanese-american (migrants and citizens)

  • and moved them to internment camps

new military tactics/technology used in ww2:

• fire bombing of tokyo and dresden → using incendiary bombs

  • not just meant to blow up but also set things on fire

  • huge casualties

• atomic bomb → came out of US

  • used to force japan to surrender in pacific war theater

idea 7:

    the rise of extremist groups led to the attempted destruction of certain populations through genocide or ethinic violence.

holocaust:

• based on ideaology known as final solution

  • rid german population of jews

  • forced removal to concentration camps

    • forced labor camps and death camps

      • fit enought to work to labor camps otherwise sent to death camps

holodomer in ukraine:

• ukrainian farmland very productive for soviet union

  • relied hevily on ukraine exports

• farmers in ukraine resented stalin and collectivazation    

  • their food was taken to urban centers leaving not enough food for them

• to resist many burned their crops and killed livestock

  • staling didnt care

  • created massive peasent

  • stalin just took the crops grown elsewhere and sent to the workers and just continue on

unit 8: cold war and decolonization (1900-pres.)

idea 1:

    cold war was a decasdes long ideological struggle between the united states and the soviet union that shaped, to a significant degree, teh geopolitics in the second half o the 20th century.

causes of the cold war:

• tensions between USA and soviet union

• confliction ideologies

  • USA → democratic capitilism

  • soviet union → totalitarian communism

• mutual distrust

  • disagreement over post ww2

• stalin took over lots of eastern europe and didnt allow them to have democratic elections that they agreed to

• disagreement over germany

  • split into 4 occupation zones as well as berlin

  • soviets put up a wall (berlin wall)

    • to seperate eastern side from western

    • soviet wanted berlin weak and western side wanted germany strong

• ideologic battle

  • only 2 superpowers in the world defines geoplitcal field for next 40yrs

non-aligned movement:

• creates brand new states and soviet and US race to influence the new states

• some new states resisted and the not-aligned movement was born

  • started when a gathering of new states that joined together under non-aligned movement

    • more easily able to resist being pulled into a great power

idea 2:

    the major effects of the cold war included an arms race, new military alliances, and proxy wars across the globe

arms race:

• powers spent lots o fmoney developing larger and better weapon stockpiles

• including nucleau weapons

• led to more tension

military alliances:

• north atlantic treaty alliance (NATO)

  • USA and western european states

  • mutual defense pact (alliance)

• warsaw pact

  • soviet union and satellite states in eastern and central europe

asia proxy war:

latin america proxy war:

africa proxy war:

idea 3:

    during thsi period, some states adopted communism, but none more significant than china

idea 5:

    the redrawing of political boundaries during decolonization led to conflict and population displacement.

conflict over political boundaries among isrealis and palestinians:

• it was a mess

• before ww1 palestine was part of ottoman empire

  • majority muslim

  • after ww1 transferred to britain under mandate system

    • late 19th century zionism was gorwing around jew

    • have a state of their own in palestine

    • lots of jews migrated and arab-muslims resisted

• UN declared palestine would be turned into 2 states

  • 1 for jews → isreal

  • 1 for arab-muslims → palestine

idea 6:

    in newly independent states govnerments often took a strong role in guiding economic life in order to provide their own growth and development.

government in egypt:

• gamal abdul nazar → leader of egypt

  • nationalized suex canal and western powers invaded

  • gained soviet support to end the conflict

• nazar asserts strong state power economically

• ex: gandhi adoption of green movement in india

idea 8:

    cold war ended because of US military development, the soviet union’s failed invasion of afghanistan and the reform of policies of mikhail gorbachev

advances in US military and tech development:

• ronald regean elected and led federal government into massive spending on military

• soviets could not keep up with the spending

  • laggy economy and failed invasion

  • led them into deeper econimic hole

failed soviet invasion of afgahnistan:

• 1979 soviets invaded afganistan to prop up a communist regime that was there against afgahn muslim groups

• but afghan rebels supported by US and saudi arabia and pakistan

  • soviet lost

  • further depressed soviet ecnomy

reform policies of mikhail gorbachev:

• last reason the soviet unon feel

• his vision → reform repressive side of soviet communism

  • introduced restructing of soviet economy to help boost the economy

    • reduced government structuring

  • freedom of speech was bolstered → not let lookse just improved

  • announced soviet union would no longer use military interventation would no longer prop up communist movements

    • soviet states started seeking independence

• dissolved soviet uinon in 1991

unit 9: globalization (1900-pres.)

idea 1:

    new techonolgoies increased the speed of globalization and had widespread effets on the global population in teh 20th and 21st centuries

communication:

• not hard to talk to people

• radios, cellphnes, internet

  • people come into contact with ideas outisde of their culture leading to the globalization of their culture

transportation:

• easier to travel

• air travel

  • migration, further econimic connections

    • buisness use for shipping

• shipping containers

  • able to increase amount of goods shipped internationally

  • increase in global commerce

energy:

• petroleum

• neucleaf power

• incresing productivty and amount of goods manufactures

  • good for some not for others

medical

• birth control

  • gives women control over the how they had babies

    • led to decreasing birth rate

    • italy, germany, japan → led to declining birth rate

• vacines

  • put an end to lots of diseases in wealthier nations

    • like polio

agriculture:

• green revolution

  • through process of controlled cross breeding new strands of wheat and grain and otehr foods

  • more abundant harvests

  • occurred in developing nations

idea 2:

    new and old diseases continue to poe a threat in the age of globalization

diseases associated with poverty:

• used to be disease was just disease

• world is divided

  • diseases that affect mainly impoverished communities

    • malaria, tuberculosis, cholera

    • there are vaccines but only people who had them were in wealthy countries

new diseases:

• ebola

• aids

• spanish flu → 1918

  • spread throghout world after ww1

• as they spread they have serious demographic conququences

  • spanish flu

    • ecnomic slowdown, lots of social distruption, cessation of social cunctions

• create occaision for tech and medical advances

diseases associated with old age:

• in more developed nations beter medicationad food means they are living longer

  • introduce new disesases

  • alzheimers, heart disease, cancer

idea 3:

deforestation:

• because there are so many people to feed forests are cleared to make room for farmland

desertification:

• when fertile land (used to grow crops) becomes like a desert

  • with deforestation adn farmful chemicals the land is nor longer arable

air quality:

• led to lots of air quality and pollution probles

• great smog in london in 1950s → fog combined with coal emissions led to several days of toxic air

water supply:

• lots of water needed for farming

• many impoverished dont have access to clean water

global temperature:

• climate change/global warming

• industiralization carbon emissions have increased the temperature

• paris agreement → agreemtnt o limit carbon emissions

idea 4:

proliferation or free market:

• USA under ronald regean

• brainta under margarat thatcher

• deregularting of dbuinsess and tax cuts

rise of knowledge economies:

• wealthier countries major in knowledge work

  • these workers dont make things they faciliate making of things

• less dveloped countires become manufacturing hubs of the world

rise of multinational corporations:

• buisness in one country that does buisness in countries across the world

• employ knowledege owrkes in their country

• then employ workers in a different country (poorer) to make stuff for cheaper

rise of regional and global free trade agreements:

• agreement between countries or regions to reduce barriers between trade

  • like tariffs

• NAFTA → north american free trade agreement

  • canada, USA, mexico

• southeast asian nations

  • many southeastern asian nations into a mutally independent economic unit

• by reducing barriers everyone can prosper

idea 5:

various movements that have sought to address human rights:

• globalization created global dilaogue about humanity

idea 6:

affected culture:

• cultrue became increasingly globalized

• music

  • reggea → popularized by bob marley, orginated in jamaica but spread worldwide

idea 7:

ressitance movements have arisen to combat globalization:

• benefits: experienced in global north

  • developed nations

• less developed nations have experienced it as a threat

• mainly formed to resist insitutions made to faviliate globailization

  • such as world rade organization → battle of seattle

  • agaisnt international monetary fund in germany

  • both movements pointed out they faciliate cooperation and trade but ehy favor richer nations adn means that fosters inequality

idea 8:

function of the united nations: