Bio test 10

Which surface ratio to volume ratio would be more efficient in a cell? 2:1 A large has a ——— surface ratio than a smaller cell Larger 2 reasons the cell must divide 1. Adapt to a information overload 2. To create two new sister cells asexual reproduction Process by which a single parent reproduces by itself Sexual reproduction A reproductive process that involves two parents that combine their genetic material to produce a new organism, which differs from both parents What are the three stages of interphase G1, S, G2 What happens during the G1 phase Cells do most of their growing, increasing in size and synthesizing new proteins and organelles. What happens during the s phase DNA replication What happens during the G2 phase many of the organelles and molecules required for cell division are produced What are the four stages of mitosis? prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase (PMAT) What happens during prophase chromosomes condense and spindle fibers form What happens during metaphase Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell What happens during anaphase? The chromosomes separate and move along spindle fibers to opposite ends of the cell What happens in telophase? the chromosomes begin to unwind and a nuclear envelope reforms What is cytokinesis? division of the cytoplasm When does cytokinesis begin? during telophase Sister chromatids are torn apart during anaphase by what structure Spindle fibers What would you expect to see if you looked under a microscope at a cell that doesn't undergo cytokinesis It would divide a lot quicker so there would be a faster cell structure What connects the chromoatids The centromere What is cyclin? protein that regulates the cell cycle How does a cut affect cell division Cells start mitosis to heal up a cut Effect of the internal regulatory proteins on the cell cycle It allows the cell cycle to adapt to the internal events that are happening inside the cell Two effect of external regulatory proteins on the c ell cycle It can stop or start mitosis When a cell divides uncontrollable it produces a ——— Tumor What are the two types of tumors benign and malignant What is benign tumor A mass of cells that grows out of control but remains at the site of origin What is a malignant tumor? A mass of cancer cells that can spread. It grows rapidly and spreads to other tissues. What is cancer uncontrolled cell growth Anaphase Phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell S phase (synthesis) DNA replication Centromere Area where the chromatids of a chromosome are attached sister chromatids Identical copies of a chromosome; full sets of these are created during the S subphase of interphase. Chromatin Clusters of DNA, RNA, and proteins in the nucleus of a cell Cytokinesis division of the cytoplasm Interphase period of the cell cycle between cell divisions Metaphase Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell Mitosis part of eukaryotic cell division during which the cell nucleus divides Telophase After the chromosome seperates, the cell seals off, Final Phase of Mitosis. Spindle fibers help pull apart the cell during replication and are made up of micrtubules G1 and G2 The phases, during which the cell grows, make protein, and copies organelles