INTEGUMENTARY and BONE TISSUE

epidermis: outermost layer of the skin

  • top layer is made up of keratinized stratified squamous

thin skin=98% (appendages)

thick skin=small part of the skin palm of our hand

LAYERS (stratums) OF THE EPIDERMIS

1) corneum (horny) - keratinized structure that is constantly replaced

2) lucidum (clear) - thin layer of dead keratinocytes

3) granulosum (granular) - abundance of granules

4) spinosum (spiny) - thick, weblike structures that are intermediate filaments

5) basale (basal) - immediately above the dermis

papillary layer provides nutrients to the avascular, epidermis

dermal layers in thin skin=papillary and reticular

melanocytes: produce melanin in varying hues

melanocytes are needed to stimulate vitamin D creation for calcium production

  • lack of vitamin D can lead to osteoporosis or rickets in children

BONE TISSUE (vascular)

  • central canal (black center)

  • (lamellae) bone tissue surround the central canal

  • small spots are osteocytes

  • black lines are canaliculi that radiate fluid through the bone

    • allows oxygen and nutrients to circulate

  • bone = collagen protein + calcium

  • osteogenesisimperfecta (brittle bone) is caused by a lack of collagen protein, resulting in weak bones

BONES (literally)

  • long bone

    • epiphysis ends tends to have spongy bone

      • allows it to be lighter in weight

    • medullary cavity: holds red and yellow bone marrow

  • compact bone

    • no epiphysis or medullary cavity

      • diaphysis structure

    • heavier in weight

  • irregular bones

    • lack a long diaphysis

  • flat bones

  • short bones

    • cuboidal or columnar in shape (eg. carpal or tarsal bones)

    • composed of external compact, internal spongy bones

  • kneecap bone (sesamoid bone)

    • embedded in a tendon

SKELETON

axial: cranium, sternum, vertebral column

  • hyoid bone: in the neck

  • vertebrae= cervical (7), thoracic (12), lumbar (5), sacral (five fused bones), coxial (1)

    • body of the vertebrate distribute way weight

    • vertebral foramen: hole in a vertebral bone

    • transverse processes: structures pointing laterally

    • slender/spinus process: fish tail protruding from

    • vertebral facets: space between two vertebrae

  • only cervical vertebrae have holes that go through the transverse process

    • allow blood to circulate

  • atlas bone: first vertebrae; allows pivot to skull

  • axis bone: second; dense is what the atlas to sit on, letting the head rotate

    • atlas bone pivots along the axis bone

  • RIB CAGE

    • hyaline cartilage attaches to sternum

    • xiphoid process: soft tissue/cartilage

    • first seven ribs (true) attach to hyalin

    • last three (false ribs) attach to the three big hyaline cartilage links

    • floating ribs attach to nothing

sternum

  • manubrium (top of sternum)

  • body

  • xiphoid process