Class 9 – Summer Task & Core Syllabus Essentials

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• Summer task introduced to deepen understanding of O-Level objectives.
• Students select topics, research (papers, experiments, case studies, creative work).

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• Submission: Thu 7 Aug 2025, 9 a.m.–2 p.m., in school.
• Evaluation: depth, creativity, research quality, presentation.
• Be ready to present at start of term; teachers available for support.

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BIOLOGY 5090 – Term I (start)
• Cells: microscopy of animal/plant cells; recognise organelles; bacterial structure.
• Specialisation, tissues/organs; formula $\text{magnification}=\dfrac{\text{image size}}{\text{actual size}}$.
• Diffusion & osmosis basics; role of water.

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BIOLOGY (cont.)
• Diffusion factors: surface area, temperature, gradient, distance.
• Osmosis concepts: water potential, plant support, turgor/plasmolysis.
• Active transport: definition; importance in root hairs.

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BIOLOGY (cont.)
• Enzymes: catalysts, protein nature, lock-and-key, effect of T & pH.
• Biological molecules: elements in carbs/lipids/proteins/DNA; polymer formation; food tests.

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BIOLOGY (cont.)
• Human nutrition – diet: nutrients, deficiency diseases, balanced diet.
• Digestive system: organs, physical vs chemical digestion, tooth types/structure, main enzyme actions.

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BIOLOGY (cont.)
• More digestion: bile (emulsify), peristalsis.
• Absorption & assimilation: villus structure, diffusion/osmosis/active transport, hepatic portal vein.
• End-of-Term I: revision + MCQ & theory practice.

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BIOLOGY Term II (start)
• Photosynthesis: definition, role of chlorophyll, word & balanced equations, limiting factors.
• Leaf adaptations and internal structure.

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BIOLOGY (cont.)
• Transport in plants: root hair uptake; xylem path; transpiration, factors, cohesion-tension; translocation.
• Mineral nutrition: nitrate (proteins) & magnesium (chlorophyll).

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BIOLOGY (cont.)
• Human transport: double circulation; heart anatomy, function, ECG/pulse.
• Coronary disease: causes & prevention.
• Blood vessels: structure–function of arteries, veins, capillaries.

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BIOLOGY (end)
• Blood: components & functions; tissue-fluid exchange.
• Classification: binomial system, dichotomous keys, 5 kingdoms, vertebrate & plant groups, viruses.
• Term wrap-up: revision, MCQ, comprehensive test.

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CHEMISTRY 5070 – Term I (start)
• States of matter: particle model, changes of state, heating/cooling curves, gas laws, diffusion & Mr effect.

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CHEMISTRY (cont.)
• Atomic structure: proton/neutron/electron, $A$ & $Z$, electronic configs (1–20), group/period trends.
• Isotopes & $A_r$ calculation.

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CHEMISTRY (cont.)
• Periodic trends: metallic→non-metallic, ion charges, predicting properties.
• Group I: soft, lower m.p., higher density & reactivity.
• Group VII: diatomic, denser down group, lower reactivity; displacement; halogen colours.
• Flame tests for common cations.

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CHEMISTRY (cont.)
• Transition elements: high density/m.p., variable oxidation, coloured, catalysts.
• Noble gases: monatomic, unreactive (full shells).
• Experimental design: correct apparatus choice.

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CHEMISTRY Term II (start)
• Solutions vocabulary (solvent, solute, etc.).
• Chromatography basics & $R_f$ formula.
• Separation methods (filtration, distillation, etc.); purity via m.p./b.p.
• Ionic bonding: lattice, properties; covalent simple molecules; giant covalent (diamond/graphite/SiO₂).

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CHEMISTRY (cont.)
• Metallic bonding: positive ions + sea of electrons ⇒ conductivity, malleability.
• Stoichiometry: empirical/molecular formulae; $A<em>r$ & $M</em>r$ definitions.
• Acids/bases: $\text{H}^+$ and $\text{OH}^-$, proton donors/acceptors, neutralisation $\text{H}^+ + \text{OH}^- \to \text{H}_2\text{O}$; strong vs weak acids.

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CHEMISTRY (end)
• Oxides: acidic/basic/amphoteric.
• Acid–base titration apparatus & end-point.
• Final revision & papers.

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COMPUTER SCIENCE – Term I
• Hardware: input/output devices, sensors, primary/secondary/cloud storage, virtual memory.
• Data representation: binary/hex, conversions, two’s complement, shifts, overflow.

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COMPUTER SCIENCE (cont.)
• Text, sound, image representation; file-size calculations; lossy vs lossless compression.
• Algorithms: PDLC stages; decomposition; structure diagrams, flowcharts, pseudocode basics.
• Programming: variables, data types, IO, sequence.

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COMPUTER SCIENCE Term II
• CPU architecture: Von Neumann, fetch–decode–execute, cores/cache/clock.
• Network hardware: NIC, MAC, IP, router roles.
• Software: system vs application, OS functions, interrupts; high- vs low-level languages, translators, IDE features.
• Automated systems: sensors–microprocessor–actuator loop; robotics basics; AI characteristics.
• Programming: selection, iteration, totals/counts, string handling, operators.

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ENGLISH 1123 – Term I highlights
• Writing skills: parts of speech, punctuation, varied sentences, figurative language, connectives.
• Directed writing: letters, opinion pieces (250–350 words) – audience, tone, structure.
• Comprehension: explicit/implicit meaning, writer’s effect.
• Summary: 150 words; short responses on attitude.
• Composition: narrative/descriptive (350–450 words) – structure & detail.

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ENGLISH Term II essentials
• Continue skill reinforcement; directed writing expands to emails, reports, articles.
• Ongoing comprehension, summary, composition with focus on analysis/evaluation.

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PAK STUDIES Geography 2059/02 – Term I
• Location: tropic/lat-long grid; neighbouring countries; provinces & key cities.
• Natural topography: major ranges, plateaus, rivers, deserts; influence on land use & transport.
• Climate: monsoon mechanics; regional types (arid–humid–highland); climatic hazards.
• Water: dams (Mangla, Tarbela, Warsak), Indus Treaty, supply issues & conflict.
• Forests: types, locations, deforestation effects, sustainability.

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PAK STUDIES Geography Term II
• Minerals: locations, extraction issues, sustainability.
• Fishing: methods, species, ports, development challenges.
• Power: non-renewables (coal, oil, gas) vs renewables (hydel, wind, solar); national grid issues.
• Agriculture: systems, major crops/livestock, natural & human factors, irrigation types, waterlogging/salinity remedies.

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PAK STUDIES History 2059/01 – Term I
• Religious reformers: Shah Waliullah, Syed Ahmad Barelvi, Haji Shariatullah.
• Decline of Mughal Empire: Aurangzeb’s policies, successors, Marathas/Sikhs, EIC expansion.
• 1857 War: causes, failure, consequences.
• Sir Syed Ahmed Khan: education (Aligarh), Two-Nation Theory, Hindi–Urdu issue.
• Language policy: Urdu as national language; regional promotion.

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PAK STUDIES History Term II
• Pakistan Movement 1905-40: Muslim League origins, Lucknow Pact, gov. reforms, Khilafat, Round-Table, 1935 Act, Congress Rule.
• 1940–47: WWII talks, 1945-46 elections, Cabinet Mission, Direct Action, June 3 Plan.
• Key leaders: Jinnah (unity & strategy), Iqbal (separate nation vision), Rahmat Ali (name ‘Pakistan’).

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ISLAMIYAT 2058 – Term I core
• Qur’an: themes of first 5 surahs; revelation (610-632 CE).
• Hadith: preservation, basic types.
• Makki life of Prophet; Khulafa Rashidun – Abu Bakr.
• Early community: wives, scribes; articles of faith (God, angels, books); pillars (shahadah, sawm).

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ISLAMIYAT Term II core
• Qur’an passages 6-10 themes; compilation under caliphs.
• Hadith collections, isnad/matn testing.
• Madina period; Caliph Umar’s reforms.
• Descendants, 10 blessed companions, Muhajir–Ansar bond.
• Faith: Prophethood & Akhirah; Pillar – salat (rules & significance).

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MATHEMATICS 4024 – Term I
• Variation: direct/inverse (linear, square, square-root, cubic).
• Indices: positive/negative/fractional, surds simplification, standard form $A\times10^n$.
• Right-triangle: Pythagoras; trig ratios; 2-D applications.
• Mensuration: arc & sector formulas.
• Bounds & accuracy; simple linear inequalities; basic set notation & Venn diagrams.

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MATHEMATICS Term II
• Finance: profit/loss, %, simple & compound interest $A=P(1+\frac{r}{100})^n$, currency.
• Quadratics: completing square, formula, word problems.
• Coordinate geometry: gradients, $y=mx+c$, midpoint & length, parallel/perpendicular.
• Graphing inequalities; statistics: histograms, cumulative frequency, median/quartiles.
• Similarity (length–area–volume) & symmetry properties.

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PHYSICS 5054 – Term I
• Measurement: scalar/vector; use of micrometer, cylinder, timer; $\text{magnification}=\dfrac{\text{image}}{\text{actual}}$.
• Motion: $v=\dfrac{s}{t}$, $a=\dfrac{\Delta v}{t}$; D-T & V-T graphs; $g\approx9.8\,\text{m/s}^2$.
• Mass vs weight $W=mg$; density $\rho=\dfrac{m}{V}$.
• Forces: Newton’s laws, resultant $F=ma$, moments $M=Fd$, centre of gravity.
• Momentum $p=mv$; conservation, impulse $F\Delta t=\Delta p$.

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PHYSICS Term II
• Energy: work $W=Fd$, KE & GPE; efficiency & power $P=\dfrac{W}{t}$.
• Pressure $p=\dfrac{F}{A}$; liquid pressure $\rho g h$.
• Kinetic model: states, particle behaviour, gas laws $p<em>1V</em>1=p<em>2V</em>2$.
• Thermal transfer: conduction (lattice/free-electron), convection (density), radiation (IR, surface factors); insulation applications.

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URDU 3248 overview (pages summarised together)
• Paper 1: Reading & Writing – comprehension, cloze, summary, directed writing, functional grammar.
• Paper 2: Grammar, Writing & Translation – sentence transformation, essay, translation both ways.
• Emphasis on concise answers, correct vocabulary, avoidance of anglicisms, wide reading, weekly practice.

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