Migration Overview AP HUG

Essential Question: How is migration influenced by the interplay of environmental, economic, cultural, and political factors?

Definitions:

- Push Factor: A negative factor that detracts someone from their current locations that encourages them to migrate away.

- Pull Factor: A positive factor that attracts someone to a new location that encourages them to migrate to that new location.

- Intervening Opportunities: A convenient opportunity during migration that is a great alternative (such as a good job opportunity), causing the person to alter their original plan to settle at a new, closer location voluntarily.

- Intervening Obstacles: An obstacle that stops a person to migrate, which can include geographical, political, or cultural barriers, possibly due to terrain, legal restrictions/immigration, or cultural differences.

Practice:

Cultural
- Push: Discrimination that encourages them to leave
- Pull: Safety/Freedom that encourages them to go towards there.
Demographic
- Push: Overpopulation that crowds the place, encouraging them to leave (potentially due to economic reasons because of the growing price as items become scarce.)
- Pull: Smaller population that encourages them to go to a more open place (potentially due to economic reasons because of the lower price due to low demand and high supply.)
Economic
- Push: No employment opportunities, inflation, poverty, etc.
- Pull: Job opportunities, higher income, etc.
Environmental
- Push: Drought, flooding, climate (too hot/cold)
- Pull: Good climate (cool, warm)
Political
- Push: Persecution, war, restricted freedoms, leaders
- Pull: Safety, freedoms

Forced Migration
- Refugees: A person who escapes a country and is forced to migrate out due to a major push factor, including war, persecution, or environmental factors (like flooding, tornadoes, etc.)

- Slavery: Ownership of a person, with forced labor and highly restricted freedoms.

Historic example includes Triangular Trade, the continental trade of goods in trade for workers (people)

Modern examples include human trafficking and forced labor today where people are circulated around the world to work forcefully or do other services with restricted freedoms.

- Internally Displaced Person: Similar to a refugee, but instead avoids a major push factor by going to a distant location inside the same country. Usually happens in larger countries due to the more area they can flee.

- Asylum Seeker: A person who flees a country into a different one in hopes of being recognized as a refugee.

Voluntary Migration

- Chain Migration: Migrants that move due to the influence of a family member. As other family members sponsor others, the chain continues.

- Intraregional: Something within the same region. For example, intraregional trade happens inside the same region.

- Interregional: Something between two different regions. For example, interregional trade is trades happening between two regions, like trade between two countries.

- Guest Worker: People who migrate to a place for a limited amount of time in order to find employment and send money home

- Transhumance: The process of transporting livestock from one area to another based on seasonal cycle, typically lowlands in winter and highlands in the summer.

Example: The vast amount of people immigrating to the U.S.A during the 1940’s was primarily World War II, which was a push factor.