Chapter 13

Christian Humanism: A movement focusing on reforming the church by returning to early Christian writings and integrating logic, reason, and education.

Erasmus: Influential Christian humanist known for works like In Praise of Folly and Acts of the Apostles, advocating for inner faith and a simpler Christianity.

Sir Thomas More: Author of Utopia; advocated for social equality and was executed for opposing Henry VIII's break from the Catholic Church.

Pluralism: A practice where clergy held multiple positions, leading to corruption and inefficiency in the Catholic Church.

Martin Luther: German monk whose 95 Theses criticized indulgences and corruption, sparking the Protestant Reformation.

Indulgences: Payments to the Church for the reduction of time in purgatory, a practice heavily criticized by Martin Luther.

95 Theses: Martin Luther's list of grievances against the Catholic Church, posted in Wittenberg, igniting widespread reform.

Peasants' War: A rebellion in Germany that Luther condemned, siding with princes to suppress the revolt.

Lutheran Sacraments: Luther retained only two sacraments, baptism and communion, discarding others practiced by the Catholic Church.

Schmalkaldic League: An alliance of German princes who supported Lutheranism and resisted Emperor Charles V's Catholic restoration efforts.

Peace of Augsburg: A 1555 treaty allowing German princes to choose the religion (Catholic or Lutheran) of their territories.

Lutheranism in Scandinavia: Spread under King Christian III, making Scandinavia a stronghold of Lutheran faith by the mid-16th century.

Ulrich Zwingli: Swiss reformer who emphasized scriptural authority and rejected practices like relics, images, and music in churches.

Marburg Colloquy: A meeting between Luther and Zwingli that failed to unite their reform movements due to differences over the Eucharist.

Anabaptists: Radical reformers advocating for adult baptism, separation of church and state, and nonviolence, leading to persecution.

John of Leiden: An Anabaptist leader who declared himself king of Munster, leading to a violent siege and his execution.

Henry VIII: English king who established the Church of England to annul his marriage, rejecting papal authority.

Act of Supremacy (1534): Declared Henry VIII the supreme head of the Church of England.

Bloody Mary: Queen Mary I of England, who attempted to restore Catholicism, earning her nickname for persecuting Protestants.

John Calvin: French reformer who developed Calvinism, emphasizing predestination and moral discipline.

Calvin’s Geneva: A theocratic city governed by strict moral laws and the Consistory to enforce discipline.

Family in Protestantism: Reformation-era teachings emphasized family life but maintained traditional gender roles.

Protestant Education: Advocated for universal education to improve literacy and spread religious teachings.

Catholic Reformation: Also called the Counter-Reformation, efforts by the Catholic Church to address corruption and combat Protestantism.

Jesuits: A Catholic order founded by Ignatius of Loyola, focusing on education, missionary work, and combating Protestantism.

Council of Trent: A Catholic council (1545–1563) reaffirming traditional beliefs and opposing Protestant doctrines.

French Wars of Religion: A series of conflicts (1562–1598) between Catholics and Huguenots, culminating in the Edict of Nantes.

Edict of Nantes: A 1598 decree granting religious toleration to Huguenots while recognizing Catholicism as France's official religion.

Philip II: Spanish king who championed Catholicism, leading Spain to prominence but also financial ruin.

Revolt of the Netherlands: A rebellion against Spanish rule fueled by religious and economic grievances, leading to independence for the northern provinces.

Elizabeth I: English queen who established religious compromise, defeating the Spanish Armada and strengthening England's global position.

Spanish Armada: A failed Spanish invasion of England in 1588, marking a turning point in European power dynamics.