stages of m

1. Olenna had thought that a firefighter was a “man who fights fires” until she saw a female firefighter and then realized that a firefighter is a “person who fights fires.”  Olenna went through the process of:

1. assimilation.

2. accommodation.

3. conservation.

4. transitivity.

2. Tywin understands that since his mom will arrive home after his dad, and his Uncle Stannis will arrive after his mom, that his dad will be the first of the three to arrive.  Tywin understands the concept of:

1. transitivity.

2. conservation.

3. object permanence.

4. egocentric thinking.

3. Little Anri really wants to pet a cute skunk she sees outside, and is chasing it with determination.  Luckily, the skunk runs under a bush where Anri can’t see it.  She immediately forgets about the skunk and picks up a ball to play with instead.  Anri doesn’t yet understand:

1. object permanence.

2. conservation.

3. transitivity.

4. assimilation.

4. Aisling often thinks about what kind of career she wants to have when she grows up and what it might be like to have that career.  According to Piaget, Aisling is probably in the _____ stage of cognitive development.

1. preoperational

2. final operational

3. concrete operational

4. formal operational

5. Raúl cries when he accidentally drops his stuffed koala bear because he thinks that it must really hurt the bear’s head when it hits the floor.  Raúl is engaging in:

1. egocentric thinking.

2. transitive reasoning.

3. abstract thinking.

4. animistic thinking.

6. Khal is starting to understand that when his dad cuts his birthday cake into pieces, the total amount of cake is the Sozine.  Khal is learning the concept of:

1. object permanence.

2. conservation.

3. transitivity.

4. egocentrism.

7. Khal (from the previous question) is probably in Piaget’s _____ stage.

1. preoperational

2. sensorimotor

3. concrete operational

4. formal operational

8. Suni’s coach asks her to do a front handspring on the vault, which is a little more difficult than what she can do now, but Suni is able to do the front handspring while her coach spots her.  This is an example of:

1. the zone of proximal development.

2. scaffolding.

3. transitivity.

4. theory of mind.

9. When Sozin’s math tutor first starts helping Sozin, she gives Sozin hints on every problem. After doing 10 problems together, the tutor slowly begins giving less and less help to Sozin, encouraging Sozin to do more on his own, using:

1. the zone of proximal development.

2. scaffolding.

3. transitivity.

4. theory of mind.

20. Teo is a 12-year-old softball player.  At softball practice, her coach sets the pitching machine to 40 miles per hour; at first, Teo fouls off most of the pitches and can solidly hit only a few.  Once Teo starts hitting more of the pitches, her coach increases the pitch speed to 50 miles per hour.  Teo’s coach is using:

1. theory of mind.

2. the zone of proximal development.

3. scaffolding.

4. conservation.

21. Tyrion lets his daughter do whatever she wants and is very demonstrative in his affection for her.  Tyrion is exhibiting the _____ parenting style.

1. authoritarian

2. permissive

3. uninvolved

4. authoritative

22. Ollie’s parents are very involved in his life – they require that he completes his homework right after school and his time with friends is closely monitored.  However, they rarely show him affection.  Ollie’s parents are exhibiting the _____ parenting style.

1. authoritarian

2. permissive

3. uninvolved

4. authoritative

Linny’s parents let her do whatever she wants to do – in fact, they are hardly ever around and don’t pay much attention to her when they are.  Linny’s parents exhibit the _____ parenting style.

1. authoritarian

2. permissive

3. uninvolved

4. authoritative

22. Tuck’s mom sends him to his room for 5 minutes after he kicks his sister, and explains to him that he is getting a time-out because kicking can hurt people.  She also cuddles with him and reads his favorite books to him for 20 minutes each night before he goes to sleep.  Tuck’s mom is exhibiting the _____ parenting style.

1. authoritarian

2. permissive

3. uninvolved

4. authoritative

23. The results of Langlois et al.’s (1995) study of mothers’ behavior toward their babies showed that:

1. attractive babies received more attention than unattractive babies.

2. calm babies received more attention than fussy babies.

3. babies fed breast milk received more attention than babies fed formula.

4. securely attached babies received more attention than insecurely attached babies.

24. Katara’s son, Tenzin, cries when she leaves the room, but when she returns, he runs to her and then runs away.  Tenzin probably has a(n) _____ attachment style.

1. insecure-anxious/ambivalent

2. insecure-avoidant

3. insecure-disorganized

4. secure

25. Ravi shares his toys with his classmates because his teacher requires all of the students to share with each other.  Ravi is in the _____ stage of moral development.

1. preoperational

2. preconventional

3. conventional

4. postconventional

26. According to Kohlberg’s theory, Nemo, who shares his toys with his little sister so that his dad doesn’t take them away from him, is probably in the _____ stage of moral development.

1. preconventional

2. conventional

3. postconventional

4. concrete operational

21. Tuko, who is 89 years old, looks back at his life and focuses on his mistakes and regrets.  According to Erikson’s theory, Tuko is exhibiting:

1. despair.

2. isolation.

3. stagnation.

4. integrity.

22. Rachel and Ross have recently retired and have begun doing volunteer work at their local elementary school.  Rachel and Ross seem to be in Erikson’s _____ stage.

1. identity vs. confusion

2. intimacy vs. isolation

3. generativity vs. stagnation

4. integrity vs. despair

23. According to Kohlberg’s theory, Mercedes, who doesn’t run in the hallways because it’s against the rules, is probably in the _____ stage of moral development.

1. preconventional

2. conventional

3. postconventional

4. concrete operational

24. Socioemotional selectivity theory would predict that as we get older,

1. we spend more time socializing.

2. we spend less time socializing.

3. our social networks get larger.

4. our social networks get smaller.

25. Dr. Torres’s friend wears scented lotion, but Dr. Torres usually can’t smell it because it is:

1. below her absolute threshold for smell.

2. above her absolute threshold for smell.

3. below her difference threshold for smell.

4. above her difference threshold for smell.

26. Arizona is watching a movie, and her sister turns up the brightness on the screen just enough for Arizona to notice the change.  The difference in volume is:

1. her absolute threshold.

2. her difference threshold.

3. her response bias.

4. sensory adaptation.

27. According to Weber’s law, if we notice a difference in brightness by adding 1 candle to 20 candles, how many additional candles will it take to notice a change in brightness from 100 candles?

1. 1

2. 2

3. 5

4. 20

28. Dr. Burke gets into a hot tub and his skin feels uncomfortably hot.  After a few minutes, however, he feels very comfortable, although the temperature of the water has not changed.  This is due to:

1. Weber’s fraction.

2. sensory adaptation.

3. signal detection.

4. his absolute threshold.

29. Princess Fiona, a literary editor, is responsible for selecting manuscripts that will sell lots of copies.  In the past, she has selected many manuscripts that did not sell well; that is, she believed that they would sell well, but they did not.  In the future, therefore, Princess Fiona is likely to develop a response bias, resulting in more:

1. hits

2. misses

3. false alarms

4. correct rejections

30. In this picture, seeing a soccer ball despite there being parts missing from the drawing reflects the _____ principle.

1. similarity 

2. closure

3. proximity 

4. continuity

31. In this picture, seeing a car rather than a series of pictures of types of food reflects the _____ principle.

1. similarity 

2. closure

3. proximity 

4. continuity

32. What Gestalt principle explains why we see the “C” in “Cola” as going through the loop in the “l?”

1. similarity 

2. closure

3. proximity 

4. continuity

33. In the picture below, perceiving a Christmas tree among the various shapes uses the Gestalt principle of:

1. similarity 

2. closure

3. proximity 

4. continuity

34. In Pavlov’s experiments, the food is the:

1. conditioned response

2. conditioned stimulus

3. unconditioned response

4. unconditioned stimulus

35. In Pavlov’s experiments, the dogs’ salivation following the tone is the:

1. conditioned response

2. conditioned stimulus

3. unconditioned response

4. unconditioned stimulus

36. Suppose your alarm makes a slight clicking sound just before the alarm goes off.  Even though you didn’t wake up to the clicking sound initially, now you do, due to classical conditioning.  In this example, the conditioned stimulus is:

1. waking up to your alarm

2. the alarm

3. the clicking

4. waking up to the clicking

37. Anka, who is 1 year old, has been classically conditioned to fear her pediatrician’s office because that is where she receives shots, but she is not fearful when she goes to the dermatologist’s office, where she does not receive shots.  This demonstrates:

1. generalization

2. discrimination

3. extinction

4. spontaneous recovery

38. A group of people has learned to blink their eyes whenever they see a flashing blue light, because for the last hour, that flashing blue light has always been followed by a puff of air to their eyes.  If we want to test for the possibility of generalization, what procedure should we follow?

1. Present a flashing green light.

2. Produce extinction, then wait and test response to the flashing blue light.

3. Present the flashing blue light without the puff of air.

4. Present the puff of air without the flashing blue light.

39. Which of the following is most likely to occur during an experiment on classical conditioning?

1. The participant shows spontaneous recovery before extinction.

2. A participant that has been trained to discriminate responds equally to all stimuli.

3. The participant displays an unconditioned response on the first trial.

4. The participant displays a conditioned response on the first trial.

40. In classical conditioning, the opposite of acquisition is:

1. generalization

2. extinction

3. discrimination

4. spontaneous recovery 

41. Bart shouts, “Cowabunga!” before throwing a football at his sister, Lisa, who holds out her arms to catch it.  Across the next hour, Bart shouts, “Cowabunga!” and then throws a football at Lisa several more times.  Next, Bart shouts, “Cowabunga!” but does not throw a football at Lisa; however, Lisa holds out her arms.  Bart then shouts, “Catch!” and Lisa responds by holding out her arms.  In this situation, what constitutes the acquisition phase?

1. Bart shouting, “Cowabunga!” and then throwing a football at Lisa

2. Bart shouting, “Cowabunga!” and then not throwing a football at Lisa

3. Bart shouting, “Catch!” and then not throwing a football at Lisa

4. Lisa holding out her arms in response to the football being thrown at her

5. Lisa holding out her arms in response to Bart shouting, “Cowabunga!”

6. Lisa holding out her arms in response to Bart shouting, “Catch!”

42. In the situation above, what reflects generalization?

1. Bart shouting, “Cowabunga!” and then throwing a football at Lisa

2. Bart shouting, “Cowabunga!” and then not throwing a football at Lisa

3. Bart shouting, “Catch!” and then not throwing a football at Lisa

4. Lisa holding out her arms in response to the football being thrown at her

5. Lisa holding out her arms in response to Bart shouting, “Cowabunga!”

6. Lisa holding out her arms in response to Bart shouting, “Catch!”

43. To train an animal to make some response, a psychologist decides to use the procedure known as shaping.  This means that the psychologist will:

1. display the correct response and let the animal imitate.

2. start by reinforcing the animal for a simpler response.

3. force the animal into the necessary position to make the response.

4. deprive the animal of food and water until it makes the response.