Honors Bio Cheat Sheet

semilunar valves are located at the bases of major arteries

venuous valves counteract gravity

in the flow of blood, the tricupsid is first

during a tracheostomy, air feels cold because the tube forces air directly into your windpipe. no time to warm air through the nose

hydra made of two primary tissue layer - the outer ectoderm and inner endoderm. seperated by the gelatinous mesoglea

carbon dioxide is transported in three major ways: biocarbonate ions (HCO3) = majority, hemoglobin = 10 - 20%, dissolved in plasma = 5 - 10%

the trachea (windpipe) does have cilia

kartagener syndrom is a rare genetic disorder characterized by defective cilia

• mirror image reversal of internal organs (cilia usually responsible for left/right body asymmetry), persistent inflammation because of inability to clear mucus, permanent widening of airways in the lungs because of buildup of mucus and frequent respiratory infections

respiration involves external respiration (gas exchange in lungs), internal respiration (gas exchange at tissues), cellular respiration (energy production)

because a paramecium is a single-celled organism, it lacks a complex, multi-organ respiratory/circulatory system. instead, its cell membrane handles all gas exhcange, waste removal, and internal fluid distribution. (circulatory system - cytoplasmic streaming)

the exchange of gases between the blood and body’s cells is known as internal respiration. oxygen leaves the bloodstream to enter cells, and carbon dioxide leaves the cells to enter the bloodstream

gregeor mendel’s foundational concepts are the Law of Segregation and Law of Independent Assortment. these apply to all sexually reproducing organisms

if a mother with blood type A has a child with a father with blood type B, the child could have any of the four major blood types

a gurgle from a valve occurs after the valve opens