AMSCO CH 21

Period Overview

Industrial Revolution (Mid-18th Century):
- Invention of machinery to replace human and animal labor.
- Significant increase in manufacturing output and availability of goods.
- Key factors: agricultural productivity, urbanization, investment accumulation, labor specialization.
- Originated in Great Britain; spread to Europe, the U.S., and Japan.
- Resulted in developments like railroads, steamships, and telegraphs promoting global trade.
- Industrial countries established overseas colonies for resource and market access; colonies often rebelled (e.g., successful revolts in the U.S. and Haiti).
- Emergence of nation-states amidst expanding empires, provoking violent nationalism-related conflicts.
- Industrialization and political changes triggered large migrations, altering ethnic diversity globally.

Fundamental changes in goods production.
Development of new global trade patterns, integrating economies as industrialists sought raw materials and markets.
Expansion of financial institutions facilitating investments in industrial production.
Major advancements in transportation and communication.
Rise of global capitalism stimulated diverse socioeconomic responses.
Societal organization in industrial states transformed due to global economy restructurings.

Enlightenment thought questioned traditions, paving way for revolutions.
Development of national identity linked to language, religion, and social customs since the 18th century.
Discontent with imperial rule fueled reformist and revolutionary movements.
European political and social thought spread globally, sparking new ideologies and solidarities.

Demographic changes in societies influencing migration patterns, presenting challenges to lifestyles.
Various motivations behind migration.
Nineteenth-century mass migration led to diverse societal outcomes and reactions among migrants and existing populations.

Conservative thinkers (e.g., Joseph de Maistre) viewed revolutions negatively.
Revolutions prompted by common people's desire for constitutional governance; yielded new governments aligned with Enlightenment ideals.
Key Ideals: progress, reason, and natural law led to questioning of traditional authorities.

Emergence of socialism and liberalism during the Age of Isms; rise of romanticism in art
Resistance by conservatives to Enlightenment ideas; emergence of nationalism, a sense of loyalty to shared culture.

Philosophes like Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, Adam Smith, Mary Wollstonecraft, and others popularized Enlightenment ideas aimed at reforming society.
Montesquieu influenced the separation of powers in governance, while Voltaire advocated for civil liberties.
Rousseau's concepts of the social contract and General Will significantly shaped revolutionary thought.

Intellectuals gathered in salons and coffeehouses to discuss Enlightenment ideas, influencing public perception and governmental reform.
Adam Smith's ideas in The Wealth of Nations promoted free trade over mercantilism.

Deism promoted a non-interventionist God, likened to a watchmaker for the natural order.
Advocates like Thomas Paine articulated natural rights and criticisms of traditional religion.

Influenced by Enlightenment ideals; significant figures: Thomas Jefferson and his Declaration of Independence embodying Locke's ideas.
Establishment of the U.S. Constitution based on democratic principles of governance.

Economic distress and social inequality fueled revolt against the monarchy, symbolized by the storming of the Bastille (July 14, 1789).
Initiated constitutional changes and the Declaration of the Rights of Man.
Reign of Terror: Extremism resulted in mass executions, including Louis XVI.

Motivated by Enlightenment ideals advocating for governance independent from European colonial rule.
Creole revolutions led by figures like Simón Bolívar and José de San Martín advanced independence from Spanish rule.

Cavour led initiatives to unite the Italian Peninsula; supported by Garibaldi's military force.
Increased migration from Italy due to economic disparities between northern and southern regions.

Bismarck's realpolitik approach led to uniting German states through manipulation and warfare.

The interplay between Enlightenment ideals, nationalism, and the resulting revolutions shaped modern governance, economic systems, and social structures, creating legacies that continue to influence global dynamics today.