Untitled Flashcards Set

- Differences between Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes

- Domains of life ( Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya)

- Kingdoms ( Protista, Fungi, Plantae (plants), Animals)

III. Ecology:

Ecology is the study of how living things interact with each other, and with their environment.

Biotic factors — which are the living aspects of the environment

Abiotic factors- which are the nonliving aspects of the environment

A. Levels of this hierarchy in Ecology:

1. Population

2. Community

3. Ecosystem

4. Biome

5. Biosphere

B. Population

- Pattern Distribution – Clump, Scattered, Uniform

-Population Strategies K and R

- Survivorship curves I, II, III- How do the curves relate to specific populations?

C. Understanding concepts - Exponential and Logistic growth models

 Population Strategies K and R

 Predator and Prey Relationship Model

D. Categories of a community relationships:

 Symbiosis

 Predation

 Competition

E. Symbiosis- Types of Relationships: ( be able to identify the relationships)

 Mutualism

 Commensalism

 Parasitism

IV. Biochemistry

A. You should know the following bonds (Ionic, Covalent, Hydrogen)

B. Water Properties:

You should be able to identify all the properties of water

Polar molecule, allowing for the formation of hydrogen bonds.

Hydrogen bonds allow ions and other polar molecules to dissolve in water.

Notes on Properties of Water:

Therefore, water is an excellent solvent. Due to its ability to form Hydrogen bonds and being

polar.

The hydrogen bonds between water molecules cause the water to have a high heat capacity,

meaning it takes a lot of added heat to raise its temperature. As the temperature rises, the

hydrogen bonds between water continually break and form anew. This allows for the overall

temperature to remain stable, although energy is added to the system.

Water also exhibits a high heat of vaporization, which is key to how organisms cool

themselves by the evaporation of sweat.

Water’s cohesive forces allow for the property of surface tension, whereas its adhesive

properties are seen as water rises inside capillary tubes.

Ice less dense than water

The extra hydrogen bonds that occur when water freezes increase the space between molecules,

causing a decrease in overall density.

C. Macromolecules Notes:

Four types of organic compounds: Proteins, Carbohydrates, Nucleic Acids, and Lipids

You should the function, monomers, and examples for each macromolecule

Macromolecules are made up of single units known as monomers that are joined by covalent

bonds to form larger polymers.

o Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are a group of macromolecules that are a vital energy source for the cell and

provide structural support

Carbohydrates are classified as monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides depending

on the number of monomers in the molecule

You should know the types of classes of sugars and types of examples: Monosaccharide

example is glucose, Disaccharide

o Lipids

Lipids are a class of macromolecules that are nonpolar and hydrophobic

Types of lipids include fats and oils, waxes, phospholipids, and steroids.

Phospholipids – Hydrophilic vs Hydrophobic

You should be able to know the structure of a phospholipids

Fats are a stored form of energy

Fats are made up of fatty acids and either glycerol

Fatty acids may be unsaturated or saturated, depending on the presence or absence of double

bonds in the hydrocarbon chain. If only single bonds are present, they are known as saturated

fatty acids. Unsaturated fatty acids may have one or more double bonds in the hydrocarbon

chain. Phospholipids make up the matrix of membranes.

Their basic structure has four fused carbon rings. Cholesterol is a type of steroid and is an

important constituent of the plasma membrane, where it helps to maintain the fluid nature of the

membrane.