Popes and Kings

  1. Pope Gregory VII (1073-1085)

    • Key figure in the Investiture Controversy.

  2. Pope Urban II (1088-1099)

    • Initiated the First Crusade at Clermont-Ferrand in 1095.

  3. Pope Innocent III (1198-1216)

    • Powerful pope involved in crusades and helping the poor. Made inquisitors to combat heresy.

  4. Pope Gregory IX (1227-1241)

    • Fought with Frederick II and established the papal inquisition.

  5. Pope Boniface VIII (1294-1303)

    • Engaged in a dispute with Philip IV of France, leading to his death after being arrested.

  6. Pope Clement V (1305-1314)

    • First pope during the Avignon Papacy, known for the Babylonian Captivity of the papacy.

  7. Pope Urban VI (1378-1389)

    • Roman pope during the Great Schism.

  8. Pope Clement VII (1378-1394)

    • French pope during the Great Schism.

  9. Pope Martin V (1417-1431)

    • Elected at the Council of Constance to end the Great Schism.

  10. Pope Innocent IV (1243-1254)

  • Opposed Frederick II, participating in the struggle between papal and imperial powers.

  1. Pope Leo III (795-816)

  • Crowned Charlemagne as Holy Roman Emperor in 800.

  1. Pope Calixtus II (1119-1124)

  • Involved in the Concordat of Worms, resolving the Investiture Controversy.

Kings/Emperors:

  1. Emperor Diocletian (284-305)

    • Split the Roman Empire and created the Tetrarchy system.

  2. Emperor Constantine (306-337)

    • Christianized the Roman Empire and founded Constantinople.

  3. Emperor Theodosius I (379-395)

    • Made Christianity the official state religion of the Roman Empire with the Edict of Thessalonica.

  4. Emperor Romulus Augustulus (475-476)

    • Last emperor of the Western Roman Empire.

  5. King Clovis (466-511)

    • First Catholic king of the Franks, established the Merovingian Dynasty.

  6. Charles Martel (Mayor of the Palace)

    • Defeated the Islamic forces at the Battle of Tours in 732.

  7. Charlemagne (768-814)

    • Crowned as the first Holy Roman Emperor in 800 by Pope Leo III.

  8. Emperor Henry IV (1056-1105)

    • Involved in the Investiture Controversy with Pope Gregory VII.

  9. King Philip IV of France (1285-1314)

    • Arrested Pope Boniface VIII and initiated the Babylonian Captivity.

  10. Emperor Henry V (1111-1125)

  • Signed the Concordat of Worms with Pope Calixtus II.

  1. Frederick I Barbarossa (1155-1190)

  • Holy Roman Emperor who sought to consolidate imperial authority.

  1. Frederick II (1194-1250)

  • Holy Roman Emperor known for intellectual pursuits, legal codification, and opposition to the papacy.

  1. William the Conqueror (1066-1087)

  • Norman king who conquered England in 1066.

  1. King John of England (1199-1216)

  • Signed the Magna Carta in 1215.

  1. King Louis IX of France (1226-1270)

  • Known as Saint Louis, he initiated legal reforms and crusades.

  1. Henry VII of England (1485-1509)

  • Stabilized the English crown after the Wars of the Roses.

  1. King Henry VIII of England (1509-1547)

  • Broke from the Catholic Church, leading to the formation of the Church of England.

  1. King Philip II of Spain (1556-1598)

  • Consolidated Spanish power and expanded the Spanish Empire.