MIDTERM EXAMS
Somatoform Disorders
Definition: A category of mental disorders characterized by physical symptoms that cannot be fully explained by a medical condition.
Real-life Example: An individual experiences consistent pain and fatigue without a diagnosable medical illness.
Diagnostic Criteria (DSM-V): Pain or other symptoms causing significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other areas of functioning without any identifiable physical cause.
Treatment: Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) has been effective in addressing the distress associated with these disorders, along with stress management techniques.
Dissociative Disorder
Definition: Disorders characterized by disruptions in consciousness, memory, identity, or perception of the environment.
Real-life Example: A person who cannot recall important personal information following a traumatic event.
Diagnostic Criteria (DSM-V): The presence of two or more distinct personality states or an experience of possession.
Treatment: Therapy aimed at integration of identities, often involving psychotherapy, can help manage symptoms.
Illness Anxiety Disorder (formerly Hypochondriasis)
Definition: Excessive worry about having a serious illness despite minimal or no symptoms.
Real-life Example: An individual frequently visits doctors because they believe they have a severe illness despite negative test results.
Diagnostic Criteria (DSM-V): Preoccupation with having a serious illness based on misinterpretation of bodily symptoms lasting at least six months.
Treatment: Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) can be particularly effective, focusing on addressing health anxiety and cognitive distortions.
Somatization Disorder
Definition: A disorder involving a history of multiple physical symptoms across different body systems without a medical explanation.
Real-life Example: A person reports various physical complaints such as headaches and stomach aches but has no clear medical explanation.
Diagnostic Criteria (DSM-V): One or more somatic symptoms that are distressing or result in significant disruption in daily life.
Treatment: Psychotherapy, particularly cognitive-behavioral therapy, can help in managing symptoms and chronic pain management techniques may also be beneficial.
Pain Disorder
Definition: Pain that is the primary complaint and has psychological factors influencing its onset or exacerbation.
Real-life Example: Chronic back pain that persists despite medical treatment and is associated with anxiety or stress.
Diagnostic Criteria (DSM-V): Pain in one or more anatomical sites that is intentionally produced or amplified by psychological factors.
Treatment: A combination of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and pain management strategies can be effective for treatment.
Conversion Disorder
Definition: Characterized by neurological symptoms (e.g., paralysis, tremors) that cannot be explained by medical conditions and are psychologically driven.
Real-life Example: A person suddenly becomes unable to walk after experiencing a traumatic event, but medical tests show no physical cause.
Diagnostic Criteria (DSM-V): Altered voluntary motor or sensory function that doesn't conform to neurological or medical conditions.
Treatment: Physical therapy and psychotherapy focusing on stress management are effective interventions.
Malingering
Definition: The intentional production or feigning of physical or psychological symptoms for external incentives.
Real-life Example: An employee fakes an injury to avoid work responsibilities or gain financial compensation.
Diagnostic Criteria (DSM-V): Not classified as a mental disorder in DSM-V, but can be noted as intentional symptom fabrication.
Factitious Disorder
Definition: The deliberate production or exaggeration of symptoms for the purpose of assuming a sick role without external incentives.
Real-life Example: An individual who deliberately causes infections to receive medical attention and sympathy.
Diagnostic Criteria (DSM-V): Falsification of physical or psychological symptoms without obvious external rewards.
Treatment: Treatment involves psychotherapy aimed at addressing the underlying psychological issues.
Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD)
Definition: A condition marked by obsessive focus on a perceived flaw in appearance that is either not observable or appears slight to others.
Real-life Example: A person may obsessively check mirrors and avoid social situations due to a perceived defect in their skin.
Diagnostic Criteria (DSM-V): Preoccupation with one or more perceived defects or flaws in physical appearance that are not observable or appear slight to others.
Treatment: Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and sometimes pharmacological treatments can be effective.
Derealization
Definition: A dissociative symptom in which the external world is perceived as unreal or distorted.
Real-life Example: A person might feel like they are in a dream or fog, lacking connection to their surroundings.
Diagnostic Criteria (DSM-V): The experience of unreality or detachment from one's surroundings.
Treatment: Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) can help alleviate symptoms.
Depersonalization Disorder
Definition: A dissociative condition where individuals feel detached from their own body or thoughts, often feeling like an outside observer.
Real-life Example: A person feels like they are watching themselves act from a distance.
Diagnostic Criteria (DSM-V): Persistent or recurrent experiences of depersonalization, reality testing remains intact during these experiences.
Treatment: Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) can address the symptoms effectively.
Dissociative Amnesia
Definition: Memory loss that is more extensive than ordinary forgetfulness and is not explained by a medical condition.
Real-life Example: A trauma survivor unable to remember the details of the traumatic event.
Diagnostic Criteria (DSM-V): Inability to recall important autobiographical information, usually following a traumatic or stressful event.
Treatment: Psychotherapy focusing on processing trauma can be beneficial.
Generalized Amnesia
Definition: A complete loss of memory about oneself and one’s past, often including personal history.
Real-life Example: A person who forgets their identity and personal history entirely.
Diagnostic Criteria (DSM-V): Loss of memory spans across personal details with no physiological basis.
Treatment: Focused psychotherapy to assist in recovery and support is vital.
Localized or Selective Amnesia
Definition: The inability to recall specific events or information, usually related to trauma.
Real-life Example: A soldier unable to recall certain events from combat.
Diagnostic Criteria (DSM-V): Inability to recall specific events during a particular time period, often following a traumatic event.
Treatment: Psychotherapy and cognitive processing strategies are generally helpful.
Dissociative Fugue
Definition: A subtype of dissociative amnesia characterized by sudden, unplanned travel away from home or customary work locations, and an inability to recall one's past.
Real-life Example: A person who leaves home and cannot recall their identity or where they came from.
Diagnostic Criteria (DSM-V): Sudden travel away from home with inability to recall one's past identity.
Treatment: Therapy focuses on the underlying issues and supports re-establishment of identity.
Dissociative Trance Disorder (DTD)
Definition: A condition where an individual experiences an altered state of consciousness in which they have limited awareness of their surroundings.
Real-life Example: A person engages in a trance-like state during a cultural ritual, losing track of their surroundings.
Diagnostic Criteria (DSM-V): A change in consciousness, accompanied by loss of normal awareness.
Treatment: Treatment generally involves supportive therapy focusing on awareness re-establishment.
Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)
Definition: A serious disorder in which two or more distinct identities or personality states are present in an individual.
Real-life Example: A person switches between different personalities, such as a child persona and a more aggressive persona.
Diagnostic Criteria (DSM-V): Disruption of identity characterized by two or more distinct personality states.
Treatment: Long-term psychotherapy with a focus on integration of identities is common.
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Alters
Definition: The distinct identities or personality states in Dissociative Identity Disorder.
Real-life Example: Each alter may have its own name, age, history, and characteristics.
Mood Disorders
Definition: A category of disorders that primarily affect a person's emotional state.
Real-life Example: An individual experiencing extreme mood swings from happiness to deep sadness.
Major Depressive Episode
Definition: A period of two weeks or longer where a person experiences a depressed mood or loss of interest in activities.
Real-life Example: An individual feels hopeless and loses interest in hobbies they once loved.
Diagnostic Criteria (DSM-V): Five or more symptoms present during the same two-week period.
Treatment: Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), antidepressant medications, and lifestyle changes.
Mania
Definition: A state of abnormally elevated or irritated mood, arousal, and energy levels.
Real-life Example: A person engages in risky behaviors like spending sprees during a manic episode.
Diagnostic Criteria (DSM-V): Symptoms lasting for at least one week.
Treatment: Mood stabilizers, psychoeducation, and psychotherapy.
Hypomanic Episode
Definition: A less severe form of mania lasting at least four days.
Real-life Example: A person feels unusually energetic and optimistic but does not impair functioning.
Diagnostic Criteria (DSM-V): Elevated, expansive mood observable by others.
Treatment: Similar to treatment for mania, focusing on mood stabilization.
Mixed Manic Episode or Dysphoric Manic Episode
Definition: Episodes marked by the traits of both manic and depressive episodes occurring together.
Real-life Example: A person exhibiting high energy yet feeling intensely sad or irritable.
Diagnostic Criteria (DSM-V): Concurrent symptoms of mania and depression.
Treatment: Mood stabilizers and psychotherapy targeting both aspects of the episodes.
Major Depressive Disorder, Single or Recurrent Episode
Definition: A mood disorder characterized by persistent feelings of sadness and loss of interest.
Real-life Example: An individual who has one episode of severe depression without prior episodes.
Diagnostic Criteria (DSM-V): Criteria A and B must be met, with episodes being recurrent.
Treatment: Antidepressants, psychotherapy, and possibly ECT for severe cases.
Dysthymic Disorder
Definition: A chronic form of depression characterized by a low mood lasting for at least two years.
Real-life Example: A person feels low most of their days for years without major depressive episodes.
Diagnostic Criteria (DSM-V): Persistent depressive mood lasting for at least two years.
Treatment: Long-term psychotherapy, medication, and combining treatments for optimal results.
Double Depression
Definition: The occurrence of a major depressive episode on top of persistent depressive disorder.
Real-life Example: An individual diagnosed with dysthymia experiences a major depressive episode.
Diagnostic Criteria (DSM-V): Major depressive episode superimposed on a chronic low mood.
Treatment: Combination of medication and therapy focused on both conditions.
Hallucinations
Definition: Sensory experiences that appear real but are created by the mind.
Real-life Example: A person hearing voices that other people cannot hear.
Diagnostic Criteria (DSM-V): Hallucinations associated with a major mental disorder.
Treatment: Antipsychotic medications and supportive therapy.
Delusions
Definition: Strongly held false beliefs that are resistant to reasoning or confrontation with actual facts.
Real-life Example: A person believes they are being followed by government agents despite no evidence.
Diagnostic Criteria (DSM-V): The presence of delusions that persist for at least one month.
Treatment: Antipsychotic medications and psychotherapy for managing symptoms.
Catalepsy
Definition: A condition characterized by rigidity and loss of voluntary movements.
Real-life Example: A person becomes frozen in position for extended periods.
Diagnostic Criteria (DSM-V): Often associated with mental and physical health issues requiring comprehensive assessment.
Treatment: Medication and supportive therapies depending on the underlying cause.
Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)
Definition: A type of depression that occurs at a specific time of year, usually in winter.
Real-life Example: An individual feels fatigued and down during the winter months but recovers in spring.
Diagnostic Criteria (DSM-V): Depressive episodes occurring during specific seasons for at least two years.
Treatment: Light therapy, psychotherapy, and antidepressant medications.
Pathological or Impacted Grief Reaction
Definition: An abnormal or prolonged grieving process in response to a significant loss.
Real-life Example: An individual unable to move on with their life several years after the death of a loved one.
Diagnostic Criteria (DSM-V): Intense grief that interferes with social, occupational, or other areas of functioning beyond typically expected reactions to loss.
Treatment: Grief counseling, therapy focusing on processing loss, and support groups.
Bipolar II Disorder
Definition: A mood disorder defined by a pattern of depressive episodes and hypomanic episodes.
Real-life Example: Someone who experiences episodes of major depression and hypomania but not full mania.
Diagnostic Criteria (DSM-V): At least one major depressive episode and at least one hypomanic episode.
Treatment: Mood-stabilizing medications and psychotherapy.
Bipolar I Disorder
Definition: A mood disorder characterized by the occurrence of one or more manic episodes, usually with depressive episodes.
Real-life Example: An individual experiencing severe mania followed by depressive lows.
Diagnostic Criteria (DSM-V): Presence of at least one manic episode.
Treatment: Mood stabilizers, antipsychotics, and psychotherapy sessions.
Cyclothymic Disorder
Definition: A mood disorder characterized by numerous periods of hypomanic symptoms and depressive symptoms that do not meet the criteria for major depressive episodes.
Real-life Example: Fluctuations in mood over at least two years without reaching full manic or depressive episodes.
Diagnostic Criteria (DSM-V): Periods of hypomanic symptoms and periods of depressive symptoms lasting for at least two years.
Treatment: Mood-stabilizing medications and psychotherapy.
Neurohormones
Definition: Hormones that affect mood and behavior by interacting with the nervous system.
Real-life Example: Cortisol levels rising in response to stress, influencing mood.
Learned Helplessness Theory of Depression
Definition: A cognitive theory asserting that depression results from the perceived lack of control over the outcome of situations.
Real-life Example: An individual stops trying to improve their situation after repeated failures.
Depressive Cognitive Triad
Definition: A framework in cognitive theory describing the negative thought patterns common in depression, involving negative views about the self, the world, and the future.
Real-life Example: A person believes they are a failure, that everyone dislikes them, and that their situation will never improve.
Mood-Stabilizing Drug
Definition: Medications used to treat mood disorders, particularly for stabilizing mood swings in bipolar disorder.
Real-life Example: Lithium is commonly prescribed to manage episodes in bipolar disorder.
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
Definition: A medical treatment for severe depression involving electrical stimulation of the brain.
Real-life Example: A patient with severe depression may receive ECT when other treatments fail.
Diagnostic Criteria (DSM-V): Not a diagnosis but an accepted treatment method for severe mood disorders.
Cognitive Therapy
Definition: A type of psychotherapy focused on changing dysfunctional thoughts and behaviors.
Real-life Example: A therapist works with a patient to challenge negative beliefs and replace them with positive thoughts.
Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT)
Definition: A therapeutic approach focusing on improving interpersonal relationships and social functioning.
Real-life Example: Therapy sessions that help a patient deal with relationship issues that contribute to depression.
Maintenance Treatment
Definition: Continued treatment aimed at preventing the relapse of a mental health condition.
Real-life Example: Ongoing medication and therapy for a person with bipolar disorder after successful stabilization.
Suicidal Ideation
Definition: Thoughts about suicide, including the consideration of or planning for suicide.
Real-life Example: An individual begins to contemplate ways to end their life during a depressive episode.
Diagnostic Criteria (DSM-V): No specific diagnosis but an indicator of severe mental distress requiring intervention.
Suicidal Plans
Definition: The specific plans or intentions individuals have regarding how to carry out a suicide.
Real-life Example: A patient discusses a detailed plan for taking their own life.
Suicidal Attempts
Definition: Efforts made by a person to end their life.
Real-life Example: A person overdoses on medication in an attempt to commit suicide.
Psychological Autopsy
Definition: An investigative procedure that seeks to determine the mental state of a deceased person before death, often in case of a suicide.
Real-life Example: Conducting a review of a person's life and experiences to understand factors leading to suicide.
Bulimia Nervosa
Definition: An eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by purging behaviors to prevent weight gain.
Real-life Example: An individual consumes a large amount of food and then induces vomiting.
Diagnostic Criteria (DSM-V): Recurrent episodes of binge eating followed by inappropriate compensatory behaviors occurring at least once a week for three months.
Binge
Definition: Eating an excessive amount of food in a short period while feeling a lack of control over eating.
Real-life Example: Eating an entire pizza in one sitting followed by feelings of guilt.
Anorexia Nervosa
Definition: An eating disorder characterized by self-starvation and excessive weight loss.
Real-life Example: A person severely restricts their food intake and has an intense fear of gaining weight.
Diagnostic Criteria (DSM-V): A lack of energy intake leading to a significantly low body weight, along with an intense fear of gaining weight.
Binge-Eating Disorder (BED)
Definition: A condition involving recurrent episodes of binge eating without purging.
Real-life Example: An individual frequently eats large amounts of food when not physically hungry and feels embarrassed afterwards.
Diagnostic Criteria (DSM-V): Binge eating episodes occur at least once a week for three months, with associated distress but no compensatory behavior.
Obesity
Definition: A medical condition characterized by excessive body fat that increases the risk of health issues.
Real-life Example: An individual with a BMI of 30 or higher often experiences related health problems like diabetes.
Diagnostic Criteria (DSM-V): Not classified as a mental disorder but often assessed with BMI calculations related to health risks.
Purging Techniques
Definition: Methods used to prevent weight gain after binge eating, which may include vomiting, laxatives, or excessive exercise.
Real-life Example: After binge eating, a person might use laxatives in an attempt to lose the calories consumed.
Night Eating Syndrome
Definition: A condition where individuals consume excessive amounts of food during the night, often correlated with insomnia.
Real-life Example: A person frequently wakes up to eat late at night, impacting their quality of sleep.
Diagnostic Criteria (DSM-V): Recurrent episodes of night eating, with no other eating disorders present, causing distress and impairment.
Bariatric Surgery
Definition: Surgical procedures designed to help with weight loss by altering the digestive system.
Real-life Example: An individual undergoes gastric bypass surgery after unsuccessful attempts at losing weight through diet and exercise.
Rapid Eye Movement (REM) Sleep
Definition: A sleep phase characterized by rapid movements of the eyes, increased brain activity, and vivid dreams.
Real-life Example: The stage of sleep where individuals often experience intense dreaming.
Diagnostic Criteria (DSM-V): Not defined as a disorder, but abnormalities in REM sleep can indicate sleep disorders.
Dyssomnias
Definition: Disorders characterized by chronic difficulties in sleeping, including insomnia and sleep apnea.
Real-life Example: Someone struggles with falling asleep or staying asleep nearly every night.
Diagnostic Criteria (DSM-V): Symptoms of difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep for longer than three months.
Parasomnias
Definition: Abnormal behaviors or experiences during sleep, such as sleepwalking or night terrors.
Real-life Example: A child gets out of bed and walks around unconscious during the night.
Diagnostic Criteria (DSM-V): Abnormal movements, behaviors, or experiences occurring during sleep.
Polysomnographic (PSG) Evaluation
Definition: A comprehensive test used to diagnose sleep disorders by recording brain waves, oxygen levels, heart rate, and breathing.
Real-life Example: An overnight sleep study is conducted to determine the cause of persistent sleep issues.
Actigraph
Definition: A device used to monitor and assess sleep patterns by recording movement.
Real-life Example: Wearing a wristband that tracks sleep duration and activity levels over several days.
Sleep Efficiency (SE)
Definition: The ratio of total sleep time to the total time spent in bed, expressed as a percentage.
Real-life Example: Individuals aim for a sleep efficiency of above 85% for optimal rest.
Microsleeps
Definition: Brief episodes of sleep that occur when a person is awake, often lasting a few seconds.
Real-life Example: A person driving who suddenly loses awareness for a few seconds.
Primary Insomnia
Definition: Difficulty in initiating or maintaining sleep that is not attributable to other disorders or causes.
Real-life Example: A person struggles to fall asleep three or more times a week for at least three months.
Diagnostic Criteria (DSM-V): Difficulty sleeping that causes significant distress or impairment in functioning.
Rebound Insomnia
Definition: The worsening of sleep difficulties after discontinuing sleep medications.
Real-life Example: A patient experiences more insomnia after stopping their sleeping pills than before they started using them.
Hypersomnia
Definition: Excessive sleepiness during the day despite getting adequate or more sleep at night.
Real-life Example: An individual falls asleep frequently during the day, even after 8 hours of sleep the night before.
Diagnostic Criteria (DSM-V): Excessive sleepiness occurring for at least three months, causing significant distress.
Sleep Apnea
Definition: A disorder characterized by repeated interruptions in breathing during sleep.
Real-life Example: A person experiences loud snoring and gasps for air during sleep, causing daytime fatigue.
Diagnostic Criteria (DSM-V): Episodes of breathing cessation during sleep as measured by a sleep study.
Narcolepsy
Definition: A chronic sleep disorder that causes overwhelming daytime drowsiness and sudden attacks of sleep.
Real-life Example: Someone unexpectedly falls asleep during a meeting or while driving due to narcolepsy.
Diagnostic Criteria (DSM-V): Recurrent periods of an irrepressible need to sleep occurring at least three times a week over the last three months.
Breathing-Related Sleep Disorders
Definition: Sleep disorders characterized by sleep disruption due to breathing irregularities, such as obstructive sleep apnea.
Real-life Example: A person has chronic loud snoring and episodes of choking during sleep.
Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders
Definition: Disorders that disrupt the natural 24-hour sleep-wake cycle, causing sleeping problems.
Real-life Example: Shift workers who struggle to sleep during the day and stay awake at night.
Nightmares
Definition: Frightening dreams that can lead to awakening and distress.
Real-life Example: A child frequently wakes up screaming due to scary dreams.
Diagnostic Criteria (DSM-V): Repeated occurrences of extended, highly disturbing dreams that cause distress or impairment.
Sleep Terrors
Definition: Episodes of screaming, intense fear, and flailing while still asleep, often accompanied by sleepwalking.
Real-life Example: A child experiences episodes of terror during sleep, often not remembering them the next day.
Diagnostic Criteria (DSM-V): Repeated occurrences of sleep terror episodes during which the person exhibits signs of fear and inconsolability.
Sleepwalking (Somnambulism)
Definition: A disorder characterized by walking or performing other complex behaviors while asleep.
Real-life Example: An individual gets out of bed and walks around the house while still asleep, not recalling it in the morning.
Diagnostic Criteria (DSM-V): Recurrent episodes of rising from bed during sleep and walking around.
Behavioral Medicine
Definition: A field that integrates behavioral, psychosocial, and biomedical science to treat medical conditions.
Real-life Example: Using behavioral therapies to improve health outcomes in patients with chronic diseases.
Health Psychology
Definition: The study of psychological factors that affect health and illness.
Real-life Example: Research investigating how stress influences heart disease.
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
Definition: A three-stage response (alarm, resistance, exhaustion) that the body goes through when faced with stress.
Real-life Example: A person responds to a stressful event by experiencing increased heart rate and anxiety.
Stress
Definition: A psychological and physical response to perceived demands or threats.
Real-life Example: Feeling overwhelmed by work deadlines can lead to stress.
Self-Efficacy
Definition: An individual’s belief in their own ability to succeed in specific situations or accomplish tasks.
Real-life Example: A student who believes they can excel in exams feels motivated to study more.
Immune System
Definition: The body's defense system against infections and diseases.
Real-life Example: White blood cells respond to pathogens to help the body fight infections.
Antigens
Definition: Substances that trigger an immune response, often found on the surface of pathogens.
Real-life Example: Bacteria and viruses carry antigens that stimulate antibody production.
Autoimmune Disease
Definition: A condition in which the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own cells.
Real-life Example: Conditions like rheumatoid arthritis and lupus arise from autoimmune responses.
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Definition: An autoimmune disorder characterized by inflammation of joint tissues, leading to pain and deformity.
Real-life Example: A person experiences joint pain and stiffness that worsen in the morning.
Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)
Definition: The study of the interaction between psychological processes, the nervous system, and the immune system.
Real-life Example: Research links chronic stress with weakened immune responses, promoting illness.
AIDS-related Complex (ARC)
Definition: A term historically used to describe a set of symptoms that can occur in individuals infected with HIV who do not have AIDS.
Real-life Example: Individuals may experience prolonged swollen lymph nodes and recurrent fevers but not full-blown AIDS.
Diagnostic Criteria (DSM-V): No specific classification in DSM-V, but indicated by symptom clusters related to HIV.
Cancer
Definition: A group of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells.
Real-life Example: A patient diagnosed with breast cancer undergoes chemotherapy.
Diagnostic Criteria (DSM-V): Not classified as a mental disorder, but mental health impact assessed.
Psychoncology
Definition: A field focusing on the psychological aspects of cancer care and treatment.
Real-life Example: Therapists help cancer patients cope with anxiety and depression associated with their illness.
Cardiovascular Disease
Definition: A broad term covering various heart and blood vessel-related diseases.
Real-life Example: Conditions like hypertension and coronary artery disease fall under this category.
Stroke/Cerebral Vascular Accident (CVA)
Definition: A medical emergency involving the interruption of blood supply to the brain.
Real-life Example: A person experiencing sudden weakness on one side of the body may be having a stroke.
Diagnostic Criteria (DSM-V): Not classified under DSM-V but involves acute medical management.
Hypertension
Definition: A chronic medical condition characterized by elevated blood pressure.
Real-life Example: A 50-year-old diagnosed with high blood pressure is prescribed medication.
Essential Hypertension
Definition: High blood pressure with no identifiable cause, also referred to as primary hypertension.
Real-life Example: A patient is found to have consistently high blood pressure readings across multiple visits without any contributing condition.
Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)
Definition: A condition caused by the build-up of plaque in the coronary arteries, leading to heart problems.
Real-life Example: An individual experiences chest pain due to blocked coronary arteries.
Type A Behavior Pattern
Definition: A personality profile characterized by high levels of competitiveness, urgency, and hostility, often linked with increased heart disease risk.
Real-life Example: A highly competitive individual in a corporate work environment may experience chronic stress.
Type B Behavior Pattern
Definition: A personality profile characterized by a relaxed, non-competitive, and easy-going nature.
Real-life Example: Someone who handles everyday stress with calmness and patience.
Acute Pain
Definition: A type of pain that arises quickly and is often sharp in quality, typically a response to injury or illness.
Real-life Example: Experiencing sharp pain from a sprained ankle.
Chronic Pain
Definition: Pain that lasts for an extended period, often longer than three months, and can persist even after the underlying cause has resolved.
Real-life Example: Individuals suffering from fibromyalgia experience chronic muscle pain.
Endogenous Opioids
Definition: Naturally occurring peptides in the body that bind to opioid receptors and help relieve pain.
Real-life Example: Endorphins released during intense exercise that provide a feeling of euphoria and pain relief.
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS)
Definition: A complex disorder characterized by extreme fatigue not improved by rest and worsening with physical or mental exertion.
Real-life Example: A person feels persistent fatigue that interferes with daily activities for six months or longer.
Diagnostic Criteria (DSM-V): Not classified in DSM-V, but clinical guidelines categorize its symptoms and impact on functioning.
Biofeedback
Definition: A technique that teaches individuals to control physiological processes by providing real-time data about bodily functions.
Real-life Example: Using biofeedback to learn how to lower blood pressure through relaxation techniques.
Relaxation Response
Definition: A state of reduced anxiety and stress identified through specific relaxation techniques.
Real-life Example: Meditation practices that lead