Lab Report

Personal Information

  • Name: Santoki Yesha

  • Class: F.Y.BSC

  • Roll No.: 52

  • Mobile No.: 9825297101

  • Lab Address: 4, Dwarkadhish Market 1, Sardar Baug, Junagadh

Declaration

  • Worked at Careencross - Diagnostic Centre.

  • Facility focused on diagnostic tests and procedures.

  • Small yet well-developed laboratory for diagnosing various medical conditions.

  • Familiar with tools/instruments used for contemporary tests.

  • Expressed gratitude to Dr. Dhiren Kapypara (M.D. Pathologist) for mentorship.

Index

    1. Introduction

    1. Instruments Used in Laboratory

    1. Tests Conducted in Laboratory

    1. Hematology

    1. Routine Urine Examination

    1. ESR

    1. Biochemistry

Introduction to Clinical Laboratory

  • A clinical laboratory conducts tests on clinical specimens to gather health information for diagnostic, treatment, and disease prevention purposes.

  • Pathology: A medical science that studies diseases, their causes, effects, and associated alterations in structure and function.

  • Functional components of clinical laboratories:

    • Clinical pathology

    • Hematology

    • Clinical biochemistry

    • Clinical microbiology and serology

    • Blood bank

Instruments Used in Laboratory

Microscope

  • Used for examining small objects (e.g., in urine examination and blood cell examination).

Centrifuge

  • Separates fluids based on density (e.g., separating plasma from blood cells).

Automation Instruments

  • Blood Cell Counter (PCE 525): For electronic counting of cells.

  • Biochemistry Analyzer (Biosystem A25): For measuring blood sample components like cholesterol, proteins, etc.

  • Hemoglobin Analyzer (Hypotronic): Used for tests such as HbA1C.

  • Fluorescence Immunoassay Analyzer (Finecare): For tests like CFA and D-dimer.

  • Molecular Biology Tester: Used for PCR methods for infectious disease detection.

  • Electrolyte Analyzer (Erba): For measuring electrolyte levels.

  • Biochemical Analyzer (Biosystem B.TS-350): Assesses creatinine, LDL cholesterol, etc.

Automation in Blood Cell Counting

  • The blood cell counter enables determination of various parameters, including:

    • HGB (Hb), RBC count, WBC count, HCT, MCV, MCH, MCHC, RDW, and PLT.

  • Characteristics:

    • Requires only 10-20 µL of blood

    • Simple to operate

    • Fast counting and display of results

Tests Conducted in the Laboratory

Common Tests

  • Liver function tests

  • RFT (Renal function tests)

  • CBC (Complete Blood Count)

  • Blood group and CRP

  • Creatinine tests

  • Dengue NS1 Rapid Test

  • Urine R/m

  • HbA1C (Glycated Hemoglobin)

  • Malaria Antigen test

Special Tests

  • Chikungunya IgM (Rapid)

  • Plasma glucose (Fasting/Post Prandial)

  • Total Vitamin D and Ferritin

  • Lipid Profile

  • Ionic calcium

  • HIV tests

Hematology

Introduction

  • Blood: A specialized connective tissue circulating in a closed system.

  • Composed of formed elements (erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets) suspended in plasma.

Blood Tube Types and Their Uses

  1. Light Blue (Sodium Citrate): For coagulation tests (e.g., PT-INR).

  2. Plain Red: Routine venepuncture; no additive required.

  3. Plastic Red: Contains a clot activator; used in blood bank and serology tests.

  4. Green Top (Heparin): For tests like karyotyping.

  5. Grey Top (Sodium Fluoride/Oxalate): For glucose preservation.

  6. Lavender/Purple (EDTA): For hematology tests, removes calcium.

Sample Collection Procedure

  1. Label the tube appropriately.

  2. Check patient ID.

  3. Locate artery for venepuncture.

  4. Clean the site with antiseptic.

  5. Puncture at 45° angle, collect sample, and label properly.

Routine Urine Examination

  • Analyses physical, chemical, and microscopic features of urine.

  • Useful for diagnosing metabolic/systemic diseases not directly linked to kidneys.

Urine Characteristics

  • Normal color: Pale yellow to yellow.

  • Abnormal colors indicate specific conditions (e.g., dark yellow due to bilirubin).

pH and Usage

  • Normal pH range: 4.8 to 7.5.

  • Use pH strips to evaluate acidity/alkalinity of urine.

Biochemistry Tests

  • Tests conducted via various machines:

  1. SGPT

  2. RBS

  3. Bilirubin

  4. Creatinine

  5. SGOT

  6. CHOL

  7. Electrolytes (sodium, potassium)

  8. Thyroid Hormones

Conclusion

  • Additional tests include Hemoglobin A1C, ammonia, urine micros, etc.

  • Experience gained in a laboratory environment dealing with doctors, technicians, and patients.