W7 suicide ideations
Page 4: Statistics on Suicide
Gender Differences in Suicide:
Women attempt suicide more frequently than men.
Men are more likely to die by suicide.
Global Impact:
Over 700,000 people die by suicide each year.
Fourth leading cause of death among 15-19 year olds.
Depression and Suicide:
4% of those being treated for depression die by suicide (O’Connor, 2019).
Raises questions about the well-being of the remaining 96%.
Context of Suicide:
Not limited to extreme depression.
Comorbidity of anxiety and depression increases risk.
Schizophrenia is a major risk factor.
Higher rates in marginalized groups such as migrants, indigenous peoples, LGBTQIA+ communities, and prisoners.
Page 5: Risk Factors for Suicidal Ideation
Mental Health Risk Factors
Systematic Review Findings:
Family history of mental health issues.
Previous suicide attempts.
More severe depressive symptoms.
Feelings of hopelessness
Ongoing substance misuse.
Presence of anxiety.
Personality disorders.
Source: Hawton et al. (2013).
Page 6: Bipolar Disorder and Suicide Risks
Elevated Risks in Bipolar Disorder
Identified factors elevate suicidal risk:
Male gender.
Living alone.
Divorced status.
Ages less than 35 years or above 75 years.
Unemployment.
Previous suicidal thoughts.
Depression, excluding mania.
Source: Miller & Black (2020).
Page 7: Suicide Risk in LGBTQ+ Youth
Findings from Research
Study by Berona et al. (2020):
Sample: 285 youths (41.8% LGBT) in emergency psychiatric services.
No differences in suicide history; however, non-suicidal self-injury was more prevalent in LGBT youths.
Study by Mustanski & Liu (2013):
Sample: 237 LGBT youths investigated diverse measures.
LGBT-specific risk factors include:
Early same-sex attraction.
Experiences of victimization.
Gender non-conformity not identified as a significant risk factor.
Page 8: Transition from Suicidal Thinking to Action
Predictive Study by Gibb et al. (2009)
Study Aim:
Understanding differences between multiple attempters, single attempters, and non-attempters.
Findings:
Multiple attempters showed:
Higher scores on the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI).
Earlier depression onset.
More frequent depressive episodes.
Single attempters displayed lower BDI scores.
Page 9: Integrated Motivational-Volitional Model
Developed by O'Connor & Kirtley (2018)
Theoretical Framework divided into 3 parts
pre-motivational phase - background etc
diathesis, environment, life events
motivational phase - ideation formation
defeat, humiliation, entrapment, suicidal ideation
volitional phase
suicidal behaviour
moderators examples
threat to self (tsm)
motivational (mm)
volitional (vm)
Page 12: Overview of Related Disorders
Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
Includes:
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
Trichotillomania (Hair-pulling Disorder)
Excoriation Disorder (Skin Picking Disorder)
Source: Abramowitz & Jacoby (2015).
Page 13: Prevalence of OCD
Statistics:
Occurs in 1% of men and 1.6% of women (Fawcett et al., 2020).
Ranked among the top 10 conditions causing significant disability according to WHO.
Page 14: Dimensions of OCD
Characteristics:
Involves recurrent obsessions/compulsions that are not enjoyable.
Individuals recognize these thoughts/behaviors as excessive and irrational.
Source: Stein et al. (2019).
Page 15: DSM-5 Diagnostic Criteria for OCD
Obsessions
Intrusive thoughts, urges, or images causing distress.
Attempts to suppress these with other thoughts or compulsive actions.
Compulsions
Repetitive behaviors performed to counter obsessions or according to rigid rules.
Aimed at reducing distress, yet are unrealistic or excessive.
Duration and impact criteria for diagnosis:
Symptoms must be time-consuming or cause significant distress or impairment.
Page 20: Characteristics of Trichotillomania
Key Features:
Compulsive hair pulling distinguished into subtypes:
Automatic vs. Focused pulling.
Focused pulling tends to link to negative mood states and is more frequent (Flessner et al., 2009).
Associated rituals before and after hair pulling behaviour.
Page 22: DSM-IV Criteria for Impulse Control Disorder
Identified Symptoms:
Recurrent hair pulling leading to noticeability.
Increasing tension prior to pulling; relief following the act.
Attempts to reduce or stop pulling result in distress or impairment.
Page 23: Introduction to Excoriation Disorder
Also known as Compulsive Skin-Picking or Dermatillomania; part of related disorders.
Page 24: Characteristics of Excoriation Disorder
Involves compulsive skin picking behaviors across various age groups, with similar emotional dynamics as TTM.
Page 25: DSM-5 Criteria for Excoriation Disorder
Diagnostic Features:
Recurrent skin-picking leading to lesions with failed attempts to stop.
Causes notable distress or impairment in functioning.
Not better explained by other mental disorders.
Page 26: Investigating Experiences Related to Skin Picking
Skin-Picking Impact Project (2010/2011)
Experiences gathered from a large self-reported sample regarding urges and effects of picking:
Correlation between urges and both increased and decreased anxiety.
Feelings of relief or gratification post-picking.
Trichotillomania Impact Project (2006)
Similar relational findings to skin-picking, emphasizing impact on functioning and treatment barriers.
Page 27: Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders Summary
Overview of Key Disorders
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
Trichotillomania
Excoriation Disorder
Relevance of similarities and differences among these conditions.
Page 29: Key Terms
Areas of Focus
Concepts related to suicidal behavior:
Risk factors
Predicting suicidal behavior
The integrated motivational-volitional model of suicidal behavior
Concepts related to obsessive-compulsive and related disorders:
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
Obsessions and compulsions
Trichotillomania (hair-pulling disorder)
Excoriation disorder (skin-picking disorder)
Focused, automatic behaviors.