Smartbook 1 Notes
Development is the pattern of movement or change that begins at conception and continues through the human lifespan
These are included in studying lifespan development, where we will learn about ourselves
How we came to be this way
Who we are
How we will age
The focus of lifespan development is from conception to death
It is a continuous process
Lifespan development is multidimensional
Begins at conception and continues through human life span
Socioemotional processes involve changes in an individual's emotions, personality, and relationships with others, playing a crucial role in overall development.
Biological processes can influence cognitive processes and vice vera, which is a reflection of the fact that they are bidirectional
The developmental periods are approximate age ranges, and there are also variations in individuals’ capabilities
In the lifespan perspective, no age period dominates development, which highlights the view that development is considered to be lifelong\
Development involves the interaction of age, body, mind, emotion and relationships. These are continually changing and affecting each other. The best way to characterize this is that development is multidimensional
In general, research on happiness has found that older people in the US are happier than younger people
Developmental social neuroscience examines the connections of socioemotional processes, development, and the brain
The developmental period refers to a time frame in a person’s life that is characterized by certain features.
The nature part of the nature vs nurture controversy is best described as a biological perspective
Some developmentalists believe that biological inheritance and early childhood experiences are crucial to development and that early traits and characteristics persist throughout life. These developmentalists have a stability perspective on development.
A study revealed that happiness increases with age.
In terms of development, distinct changes is an example of discontinuity.
Erikson proposed the eight-stage psychosocial theory of development
Developmental cognitive neuroscience explores the connection of cognitive processes and brain development.
The nurture portion of the nature vs nurture controversy is best described as an environmental perspective on how people develop
Organization and adaptation underlie Piaget’s theory of cognitive development
Plasticity is characteristic of an emphasis on change in human development
Continuity and discontinuity involve either gradual change or distinct stages
According to Piaget’s theory, a child’s way of thinking has four distinct stages
A multistage theory in which a developmental task in each stage confronts individuals with a crisis that must be resolved: Best describes Erikson’s theory of development
Each of Piaget’s age-related stages consists of a distinct way of thinking
The microgenetic method examines learning processes in real time
These are views of developmentalists who emphasize stability in human development:
Positive experiences in adulthood typically cannot override the negative experiences from childhood
Early childhood experiences are most important for development
Heredity plays an important role in development
The central idea of Piaget’s cognitive development theory is that developmental stages introduce unique ways of perceiving the world.
Ethological theory stresses biological factors, and ecological theory emphasizes environmental factors.
The scientific method is the best guide for testing and refining theories of lifespan development
In naturalistic observation, researchers observe behavior in real-world settings while making no effort to manipulate or control the situation.
According to Siegler, the most effective way to understand children’s learning is to observe them while they are learning.
These are physiological measures used to study development:
Electroencephalography (EEG)
Heart rate
Eye movement
A cross-sectional research approach is most helpful so that the researcher does not have to wait for the individuals to grow up or become older, so it can be completed in a shorter amount of time. A major disadvantage is that is gives no information about how individuals change.
Bronfenbrenner’s theory believes that development reflects the influence of five environmental systems: microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem.
A longitudinal approach studies one group of the same individuals over time, usually over several years or more.
Heart rate is used to study development as an indicator of infant attention levels.
A cohort is a group of people who are born at a similar point in history and share similar experiences.
Included era, generation, and year of birth