Evaluation for defending the cosmological argument:

Aquinas & Leibniz’ versions of the argument are not defeated by the possibility of an infinite temporal series. They say that such a series would still either:

• Be contingent and thus still require a God to create it (Leibniz & Aquinas’ 3^rd way)

• Contain merely secondary causes and thus require a primary cause (Aquinas’ 1^st & 2^ndways)

Aquinas & Leibniz accept the possibility of an infinite regress of beings and/or time. They argue that what’s really impossible is an infinite regress of explanation. Scientific hypothesis about the possibility of the universe stretching back forever does not undermine their argument.