New words

  • successive (adj) = consecutive (adj) = sequential (adj)

  • superfluous (adj, negative) = surplus (adj, positive)

  • expenditure > expense

  • erupt

  • dispute

  • ostensibly (adv, is known by the speaker to be wrong, fake) = apparently (adv, is heard to be right, seems to be real) = seemingly (adv, initial impression) = purportedly (adv, is said to be doubtfully true)

  • Vindicate (v, is proved right after being doubted/blamed), exonerate (v, is officially proved not guilty), justify (v, give a valid reason), validate (v, confirm to be logically true)

  • incompetent

  • orthodox

  • dogmatic (adj, assert beliefs without proof)= opinionated (stubbornedly hold their own views) = doctrinaire ( theory only)= rigid ( refuse to change)

  • assert (v, claim sth that shows YOU’RE confident and powerful, prove yourself by behaving in such a confident way)

  • affirm (v, state publicly and formally a belief or a fact)

  • apathy (n, really negative, lack of emotion/interest/care) = indifference ( negative, lack of interest/care, not choosing a side) = unconcern ( lack of worry or anxiety when you should be worried) = detachment (separating yourself emotionally/ objective aloofness, sometimes has a positive meaning)

  • aloofness

  • accelerate

  • accede to (phr v, agree to do things someone told you to)

  • abide by (phr v, obey an agreement, a rule, a decision)

  • accommodate oneself

  • accordingly

  • in (direct/inverse) proportion to

  • keep sth in proportion/ a sense of proportion

  • accumulate

  • acquisition

  • adhere

  • administer = provide, manage, bring in

  • admission

  • allocate = distribute

  • align => alignment

  • allege => alleged => allegedly => allegation

  • provoke

  • evoke

  • organism

  • pioneer (n, first person)

  • long acknowledged (compound)

  • assemble

  • resemble

  • demolish (v, destroy a building to use its land, prove that an argument or theory is wrong)

  • parliament (n, a voted politician or a group of politicians who deliberate to bring out, adjust laws )

  • dissolve (v, absorb into sth, officially end an organization, emotion/… disappears)

  • amend (v, used in legal situations: laws, constitution, bill, contract, etc)

  • adjust (simple, daily things)

  • demolish (aggressively, completely) > dismantle (point out every error and prove each is wrong) > dissolve ( prove that an argument is not true to make one’s saying invalid )

  • instinctively

  • mechanism (defence mechanism)

  • neuroscientist

  • prey >< predator

  • rational >< irrational (reasonable)

  • rational >< irrational (number)

  • rationalise (v, find reasons to explain sth)

  • armed (armed robber)

  • high-functioning >< low-functioning

  • the functioning of sth (collo)

  • perceive >< misperceive (see, understand/ see, understand through senses) => perception >< misperception (the ability to see, understand ) => perceptive >< imperceptive => perceptible >< imperceptible

  • nuanced = subtle = delicate