Finals

  • Summarizing an article
    • Signal phrase, identify author, the title, and their credential
  • Identify long and short quotes, paraphrasing, summary, and works cited
    • Know the definition of those
  • ==Plagiarism==
  • Type of arguments in rhetoric (Aristotle)
    • Logos, ethos, pathos
    • Ethos - trustworthy, credible
    • Pathos - emotional appeal
    • Logos - reasoning, logical
      • ==Deductive reasoning (pg. 326) - General statement to reach a specific conclusion==
      • Conclusion is generally certain
      • Form of deduction - Syllogism
        • Major premise - general statement
        • Minor premise - related but more specific statement
        • Conclusion
      • ==Inductive reasoning (pg. 321) - Specific statement to reach a general conclusion==
      • Has a process
        • Hypothesis
        • Gather evidence
        • inductive leap from enough evidence to conclusion or logical fallacy (jumping to conclusions without enough evidence)
        • Conclusion
        • Probability, not certainty
        • Inference - statement about the unknown based on what is known
  • Rogerian argument - common ground
  • Toulmin Model
    • Claim
    • Claim of Fact - true or not
    • Claim of Value - morals or aesthetics (beauty, art, music)
    • Claim of Policy - a condition should or not exist
    • Assumptions (warrants)
    • Something you assume without evidence
    • Take for granted
    • May or may not be safe to assume
    • Evidence (support)
    • Books, websites, articles, websites
    • Factual evidence, statistics, graphs, charts, expert opinions
  • ==Fallacies - Errors in reasoning==
    • Hasty generalization (pg. 333) caused by:
    • Prejudice - Judgement made before facts are in
    • Superstition
    • Faulty Use of Authority (pg. 334) - Individuals are presented in authority in fields in which they are not
    • Adhominem (pg. 336) - Someone attacks a person, instead of the argument at hand
    • False dilemma - A person is arguing that there are two alternatives when there are more than just two
    • Simplifying problems
    • Slippery Slope Fallacy (pg. 337) - One thing will lead to another and lead to another and lead to another will no evidence
    • Begging the Question (circular reasoning) - Someone makes a statement assuming that the argument has already been proven, but it hasnā€™t
    • Red Herring - Slightly changing the subject
  • Styles
    • MLA
    • Work Cited
    • APA
    • Reference Page
    • Chicago
    • Bibliography
    • Superscript numbers in text and footnotes/endnotes - for citations