1st Bach. Vocabulary Review (Units 0-7)

Vocabulary for Describing Geographical Places and Landscapes

The vocabulary for describing locations ranges from historical qualities to modern tourist impacts. "Ancient" refers to old or antique places (antiguo), while "atmospheric" describes an evocative or moody environment (evocador). A "bustling" location is full of activity and people (bullicioso). Conversely, "dilapidated" is used for buildings or areas in ruins (en ruinas). For places that leave a strong mark on the viewer, they are called "impressive" (impresionante) or even "stunning" (alucinante).

Landscapes that are not natural are termed "man-made" (artificial). A visually charming and traditional scene is described as "picturesque" (pintoresco). Topographical features like hills can be "steep" (empinado). In terms of tourism, a place might be "touristy" (turstico), implying it is crowded with travelers, or it might be "unspoilt" (virgen), reflecting its original, untouched state.

Grammatical Collocations: Verbs, Adjectives, and Nouns with Prepositions

Unit 4 emphasizes the importance of using the correct prepositions after verbs, adjectives, and nouns. For verbs, the following pairings are standard: "believe in," "concentrate on," "laugh at," "argue with," and "hear about." Specifically, one might "prepare for," "belong to," "dream about," "depend on," and "stare at." Differences exist in arguments and reactions; for example, one counts on "agreeing with" someone, "laughing with" someone, "thanking for" something, or "consisting of." Other verbal collocations include "insist on," "smile at," "worry about," "ask for," "argue about," "apologise for," and "wait for."

In terms of adjectives, common collocations include being "interested in," "keen on," "sorry about," "responsible for," "famous for," "married to," "proud of," and "frightened of." Nouns also follow specific prepositional rules, such as an "increase in," a "decrease in," a "reason for," or a "solution to."

Compound Words in Travel, Narrative, and Social Contexts

Compound adjectives and nouns provide descriptive depth to landscapes and personal descriptions. Under Unit 5 Adjectives, terms like "awe-inspiring" and "breathtaking" describe impressive sights (impresionante). Natural features can be "crystal clear" (cristalino) or "snow-capped" (cubierto de nieve). Distances and experiences are described as "faraway" (alejado), "long-haul" (de larga recorrido), "mind-blowing" (alucinante), or "off-limits" (restringido).

Unit 5 also covers compound nouns focusing on travel and infrastructure. These include "backup" (de reserva), "bank holiday" (da festivo), "breakdown" (avera), "camper van" (caravana), and "city tour" (recorrido por la ciudad). Transportation and services include "double-decker" (autobs de dos pisos), "drive-through" (autoservicio), "guided tour" (visita guiada), and "pedestrian crossing" (paso de peatones). Seasons are categorized as "high season" (temporada alta) or "low season" (temporada baja). Travel delays are called a "hold-up" (retraso), and visual arrangements are called "layout display" (truzado trazado). Lodging includes "package resort" (paquete vacacional) and "self-catering apartment" (apartamento con cocina). Other terms are "nightlife" (vida nocturna), "printout" (papel impreso), "sightseeing" (excursin), and "takeaway" (comida para llevar).

Unit 6 introduces advanced compound adjectives for people and status. This includes "best-known" (ms conocido), "bestselling" (ms vendido), and "broken-down" (deteriorado). Items or policies can be "environmentally friendly" or "green" (ecolgico). Other descriptors include "far-reaching" (de gran alcance), "hard-working" (trabajador), "heart-warming" (conmovedor), "large-scale" (a gran escala), "like-minded" (de ideas afines), "lifelong" (para toda la vida), "low-price" (barato), "low-status" (de baja categora), "well-paid," and "moving."

Comprehensive List of Phrasal Verbs by Instructional Unit

Unit 0 includes phrasal verbs such as "catch on" (hacerse popular), "cope with" (afrontar), "die out" (desaparecer), "get carried away" (entusiasmarse), "get into" (meterse en), and "hang out with" (pasar el rato con).

Unit 3 focuses on lifestyle changes: "cut down" (reducir), "cut out" (reducir), "eat out" (comer fuera), "get on" (llevarse, subirse), "give up" (rendirse), "go ahead" (seguir adelante), and "lead to" (conducir a).

Unit 5 covers travel and routine: "check out" (pagar la factura y marcharse), "close off" (cerrar), "come out" (salir), "hang around" (dar una vuelta), "put up with" (lidiar con), "look up" (buscar), "miss out" (perderse algo), "stay in" (quedarse en casa), "stick to" (apegarse a), "switch off" (apagar), "take up" (empezar), and "look forward to" (estar deseando). This unit also features informal activities like "mess about" (trastear), "put somebody off" (quitarle las ganas a alguien), "show off" (presumir), and "work out" (entrenar).

Unit 6 includes "look up," "shoot up" (dispararse precios), "stay away" (alejarse de), "take off" (despegar), and "turn up" (aparecer). Advanced social interactions are described by "come up with" (ocurrrsele algo a alguien), "face up to" (hacer frente a), "get away with" (librarse de), "live up to" (estar a la altura de), "look forward to," "put down to" (atribuir a), "put up with," and "run out of" (quedarse sin).

Unit 7 contains essential movement and logic verbs: "hurry up" (darse prisa), "bank on" (contar con), "carry on" (continuar), "clear out" (limpiar, marcharse), "count on" (contar con), "cut down" (reducir), "move on" (seguir adelante), "pick up" (captar, coger), "put together" (reunir, monta), "rely on" (confiar en), "run into" (toparse con), "depend on" (depender de), "sort out" (clasificar, ordenar), "figure out" (averiguar), "find out," "go on" (continuar), "go up" (subir), "grow up" (crecer), "split up" (romper), "take out" (sacar), "turn up" (aparecer), "use up" (agotar), and "work out" (solucionar).

Idiomatic Language: Routine, Interaction, and Knowledge

Unit 3 idioms focus on sleep and routine. Someone who falls asleep quickly is said to "be fast asleep" (dormirse rpido), while the opposite is to "be wide awake" (estar bien despierto). Waking up in a bad mood is described as "get out of bed on the wrong side" (levantarse con el pie izquierdo). Other idioms include "have a lie-in" (dormir hasta tarde), "hit the sack" (planchar la oreja), "sleep like a log" (dormir como un tronco), and "toss and turn" (dar vueltas y vueltas). "Sleep on it" means to consult with your pillow (consultar con la almohada), and "Sleep tight!" is a way to wish someone good sleep (Que duermas bien!).

Unit 4 social idioms include "be yourself" (ser uno mismo) and "break the ice" (romper el hielo). Changing one's opinion is to "change your mind about something." When meeting people, one might "come across as friendly" (parecer amigable) or "hit it off with somebody" (congeniar con alguien). Making a "good/bad/great impression" and "paying somebody a compliment" are common social actions. Efforts to "put somebody at ease" (tranquilizar a alguien) or "give somebody your full attention" are also key.

Unit 7 action idioms describe readiness and logic. To "be all ears" means to be listening intently (ser todo odos). "Common knowledge" is information that is de dominio pblico. A "game changer" is a significant turning point (punto de inflexin). When it is time to start working, one should "get cracking" (ponerse manos a la obra). Studying through the night is to "pull an all-nighter" (trabajar toda la noche). To be "spot on" is to be exactly correct (acertado).

Personality Traits, Human Emotions, and Senses

Unit 0 defines personality traits such as "assertive" (seguro seguio), "cautious" (precavido), "easy-going" (relajado), and "outgoing" (extrovertido). Negative or insecure traits include "self-conscious" (inseguro) and being a "show-off" (presumido). A "rick-taker" (temerario) is someone who takes risks, while "the life and soul of the party" refers to a very lively person (la alegra de la huerta).

Unit 1 covers a wide range of emotions. Positive emotions include "delighted" (encantado), "grateful" (agradecido), "proud" (orgulloso), "relieved" (aliviado), and "thrilled" (entusiasmado). Negative or difficult states include "ashamed" (avergonzado), "astonished" (asombrado), "confused" (confuso), "awkward" (incmodo), "disappointed" (decepcionado), "jealous" (envidioso), "terrified" (aterrorizado), "scared" (asustado), "stressed" (estresado), and "upset" (disgustado).

Unit 1 also distinguishes between participial adjectives (-ed vs -ing). Examples include "amazed/amazing," "amused/amusing," "concerned/concerning," "exhausted/exhausting," "inspired/inspiring," "intrigued/intriguing," "overwhelmed/overwhelming," and "shocked/shocking." Sensory descriptions include sounds like "deafening" (ensordecedor) and "roaring" (estruendoso). Physical textures can be "jagged" (irregular), "smooth" (suave), "stiff" (rgido), or "tight" (apretado). Olfactory and visual descriptions include "rotten" (podrido), "smelly" or "stinky" (que huele mal/apestoso), "sparkling" (brillante), and "viscose" (agotador).