Unit 1 TDAs - AP Psych

  1. Hindsight Bias - believing that you always knew something

  2. Theory - a thought-out explanation of observations and predictions of behaviors

  3. Hypothesis - a testable prediction

  4. Replication - repeating a research study with different situations to see if basic findings can be reproduced

  5. Case Study - a technique in which one individual or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles

  6. Survey - a technique used to obtain self-reported attitudes and behaviors of a group

  7. Population - all those in a group being studied

  8. Random Sample - a sample that represents a population fairly because each member has an equal chance of inclusion

  9. Naturalistic Observation - a descriptive technique of observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate or control the situation

  10. Correlation (illusory) - a measure that expresses the extent to which two variables are linearly related

  11. Correlation Coefficient - a statistical index of the relationship between two things

  12. Experiment - a procedure carried out under controlled conditions to discover an unknown effect or law, to test or establish a hypothesis, or to illustrate a known law

  13. Single Blind - a type of trial in which only the researcher doing the study knows which treatment the participants are receiving until the trial is over

  14. Double Blind - a type of trial in which neither the researcher nor participants know which treatment each participant is receiving until the trial is over

  15. Placebo Effect - a phenomenon in which some people experience a benefit after being administered a “dummy” substance

  16. Experimental Condition - the group of participants who are exposed to the independent variable

  17. Control Condition - an experimental design that lacks any treatment of the independent variable

  18. Random Assignment - the use of chance to ensure that each participant has the same opportunity to be assigned to any given group

  19. Independent Variable - what is changed

  20. Dependent Variable - what is measured

  21. Operational Definition - the set of procedures used to measure or manipulate it

  22. Confounding Variable - those that affect other variables in a way that produces spurious or distorted associations between two variables

  23. Standard Deviation - a measure of how spread out numbers are

  24. Statistical Significance - a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance

  25. Overconfidence - a tendency to be more confident than correct