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AFRO-ASIAN LITERATURE

Everything has beauty, but not everyone sees it. - Confucius

Indian Literature

History
  • Indian literature refers to literature produced across the Indian subcontinent before and after the creation of the Republic of India in 1947.
  • It emphasizes both oral and written forms of transmittance.
  • Hinduism significantly influenced the literary scene, with Hindu literary traditions dominating a large part of Indian culture.
  • Key Hindu texts include:
    • Vedas (Upanishads, Samhitas, Brahmanas, Aranyakas)
    • Epics: Ramayana and Mahabharata
    • Treatises: Vaastu Shastra (architecture and town planning), Arthashastra by Kautilya (political science).
  • History of Indian literature is divisible into three periods:
    • Ancient
    • Medieval
    • Contemporary/Modern
Ancient Indian Literature
  • Characterized by orally transmitted treatises in the guru-shishya mode.
  • The Vedic Period marked the commencement of the Golden Age in India through Sanskrit literature.
Medieval Indian Literature
  • Shifted towards religious zealousness in regional divisions.
  • Sanskrit remained an essential language.
  • The Bhakti Movement caused a breakaway from ancient traditions.
Contemporary Indian Literature
  • Significant phase post-Christian era.
  • Defined by the transformation of Indian rebellious writers and their socialism during Indian Independence movements and afterward.
Key Figures and Works
  • Kalidasa and Tulsidas (Ramcharitmanas) are prominent figures from ancient and medieval times.
  • Tamil poetry of the 'Sangam poetry' dates back to 1st century B.C.E.
  • Islamic influence brought changes in writing style through the Persian Silk Route during the medieval period.
  • Indian Muslim literature flourished in Persian and Urdu poetry and prose.
  • Rabindranath Tagore: India's first Nobel laureate for Gitanjali.
  • Bengali writers have received the 'Jnanpith' awards the highest number of times.
Definition
  • History of Indian literature: Development of writings in prose or poetry providing education, entertainment, and enlightenment, along with the evolution of literary techniques.

Characteristics of Indian Literature

Piety and Religious Spirit
  • Indian literature is deeply religious.
  • The Vedas are the oldest known literature in India, considered apaursheyaapaursheya (