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AFRO-ASIAN LITERATURE
Everything has beauty, but not everyone sees it. - Confucius
Indian Literature
History
- Indian literature refers to literature produced across the Indian subcontinent before and after the creation of the Republic of India in 1947.
- It emphasizes both oral and written forms of transmittance.
- Hinduism significantly influenced the literary scene, with Hindu literary traditions dominating a large part of Indian culture.
- Key Hindu texts include:
- Vedas (Upanishads, Samhitas, Brahmanas, Aranyakas)
- Epics: Ramayana and Mahabharata
- Treatises: Vaastu Shastra (architecture and town planning), Arthashastra by Kautilya (political science).
- History of Indian literature is divisible into three periods:
- Ancient
- Medieval
- Contemporary/Modern
Ancient Indian Literature
- Characterized by orally transmitted treatises in the guru-shishya mode.
- The Vedic Period marked the commencement of the Golden Age in India through Sanskrit literature.
Medieval Indian Literature
- Shifted towards religious zealousness in regional divisions.
- Sanskrit remained an essential language.
- The Bhakti Movement caused a breakaway from ancient traditions.
Contemporary Indian Literature
- Significant phase post-Christian era.
- Defined by the transformation of Indian rebellious writers and their socialism during Indian Independence movements and afterward.
Key Figures and Works
- Kalidasa and Tulsidas (Ramcharitmanas) are prominent figures from ancient and medieval times.
- Tamil poetry of the 'Sangam poetry' dates back to 1st century B.C.E.
- Islamic influence brought changes in writing style through the Persian Silk Route during the medieval period.
- Indian Muslim literature flourished in Persian and Urdu poetry and prose.
- Rabindranath Tagore: India's first Nobel laureate for Gitanjali.
- Bengali writers have received the 'Jnanpith' awards the highest number of times.
Definition
- History of Indian literature: Development of writings in prose or poetry providing education, entertainment, and enlightenment, along with the evolution of literary techniques.
Characteristics of Indian Literature
Piety and Religious Spirit
- Indian literature is deeply religious.
- The Vedas are the oldest known literature in India, considered (