Volleyball Rules 2025-2028
BOGY
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FIVB
FÉDÉRATION INTERNATIONALE DE VOLLEYBALL
OFFICIAL VOLLEYBALL RULES 2025-2028
Approved by the 39th FIVB World Congress 2024, implemented after January 1st, 2025.
CONTENTS
GAME CHARACTERISTICS: 7
PART 1: PHILOSOPHY OF RULES AND REFEREEING: 8
PART 2 - SECTION 1: GAME: 11
CHAPTER 1: FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT: 12
PLAYING AREA: 12
Includes the playing court and the free zone.
Rectangular and symmetrical.
DIMENSIONS: 12
Playing court: 18 x 9 m rectangle.
Free zone: Minimum 3 m wide on all sides.
Free playing space: Minimum 7 m in height from the playing surface.
FIVB, World, and Official Competitions:
Free zone: 5 m from side lines, 6.5 m from end lines.
Free playing space: Minimum 12.5 m in height.
PLAYING SURFACE: 12
Flat, horizontal, and uniform; must not present injury risk.
Forbidden: Rough or slippery surfaces.
FIVB, World, and Official Competitions: Wooden or synthetic surface only; requires FIVB approval.
Indoor courts: Light color.
FIVB, World, and Official Competitions: White lines required; contrasting colors for playing court and free zone. Front and back zones can have different colors.
Outdoor courts: Slope of 5 mm per meter allowed for drainage; solid court lines forbidden.
LINES ON THE COURT: 13
All lines: 5 cm wide; light color, different from floor and other lines.
Boundary lines: Two side lines and two end lines mark the playing court; drawn inside court dimensions.
Centre line: Divides the playing court into two 9 x 9 m courts; entire width belongs to both courts. Extends beneath the net from side line to side line.
Attack line: On each court, rear edge is 3 m back from the axis of the centre line, marking the front zone.
FIVB, World, and Official Competitions: Extended by broken lines from the side lines, with five 15 cm short lines (5 cm wide) drawn 20 cm from each other to a total length of 1.75 m.
ZONES AND AREAS: 13
Front zone: Limited by the axis of the centre line and the rear edge of the attack line. Extends beyond the side lines to the end of the free zone.
Service zone: 9 m wide area behind each end line. Laterally limited by two 15 cm short lines, drawn 20 cm behind the end line as an extension of the side lines. In depth, extends to the end of the free zone.
Substitution zone: Limited by the extension of both attack lines up to the scorer's table.
Libero Replacement zone: Part of the free zone on the side of the team benches, limited by the extension of the attack line up to the end line.
Warm-up area: Approximately 3 x 3 m, located in the bench-side corners outside the free zone, or behind the team bench where the tribune starts above 2.5 m.
TEMPERATURE: 14
Minimum not below 10° C ().
FIVB, World, and Official Competitions: Maximum temperature determined by the FIVB Technical Delegate.
LIGHTING: 14
No less than 300 lux.
FIVB, World, and Official Competitions: Not less than 2000 lux measured at 1 m above the playing area.
NET AND POSTS: 14
HEIGHT OF THE NET: 14
Vertically over the centre line: 2.43 m for men, 2.24 m for women.
Measured from the centre of the playing court. Height must be the same over both side lines and must not exceed the official height by more than 2 cm.
STRUCTURE: 15
1 m wide ( 3 cm) and 9.50 to 10 m long (with 25 to 50 cm on each side of the side bands), made of 10 cm square black mesh.
FIVB, World, and Official Competitions: Mesh may be modified to facilitate advertising.
Top: 7 cm wide horizontal band made of two-fold white canvas. Each end has a hole for a cord to fasten the band to the posts. Flexible cable fastens the net to the posts within the band.
Bottom: 5 cm wide horizontal band similar to the top band, with a rope threaded through to fasten the net to the posts.
SIDE BANDS: 15
Two white bands fastened vertically to the net directly above each side line.
5 cm wide and 1 m long; considered part of the net.
ANTENNAE: 15
Flexible rod, 1.80 m long and 10 mm in diameter, made of fiberglass or similar material.
Fastened at the outer edge of each side band on opposite sides of the net.
Top 80 cm extends above the net and is marked with 10 cm stripes of contrasting color (preferably red and white).
Considered part of the net; laterally delimit the crossing space.
POSTS: 15
Placed 0.50-1.00 m outside the side lines. 2.55 m high and preferably adjustable.
FIVB, World, and Official Competitions: Posts placed 1 m outside the side lines and must be padded.
Rounded and smooth, fixed to the ground without wires. No dangerous or obstructing devices.
ADDITIONAL EQUIPMENT: 16
Determined by FIVB regulations.
BALLS: 16
STANDARDS: 16
Spherical, made of a flexible leather or synthetic leather case with a bladder inside (rubber or similar material).
Uniform light color or a combination of colors. Synthetic leather material and color combinations should comply with FIVB standards.
Circumference: 65-67 cm; Weight: 260-280 g.
Inside pressure: 0.30 to 0.325 kg/cm (4.26 to 4.61 psi) (294.3 to 318.82 mbar or hPa).
UNIFORMITY OF BALLS: 16
All balls must have the same standards regarding circumference, weight, pressure, type, color, etc.
FIVB, World and Official Competitions, as well as National or League Championships, must be played with FIVB approved balls, unless by agreement of FIVB.
BALL RETRIEVAL SYSTEM: 16
FIVB, World and Official Competitions: Five balls used; six ball retrievers stationed at each corner of the free zone and one behind each referee.
CHAPTER 2: PARTICIPANTS: 17
TEAMS: 17
TEAM COMPOSITION: 17
Up to 12 players, plus:
Coaching Staff: one coach, a maximum of two assistant coaches.
Medical Staff: one team therapist and one medical doctor.
Only those listed on the score sheet may enter the Competition/Control Area and take part in the official warm up and in the match.
FIVB, World and Official competitions for Seniors:
Up to 14 players may be recorded on the score sheet and play in a match.
Maximum five staff members on the bench chosen by the coach, listed on the score sheet and registered on the O-2(bis).
Team Manager and/or team Journalist not allowed on the bench in the Control Area.
Medical doctor or team therapist must be part of the official Delegation and accredited beforehand by FIVB. If not on the team bench, they must sit against the delimitation fence and may only intervene if invited by the referees.
The team therapist may assist with the warm up until the start of the official net warm up session.
One player is the team captain, indicated on the score sheet.
Only players recorded on the score sheet may enter the court and play in the match. Cannot be changed once the coach and team captain have signed the score sheet.
LOCATION OF THE TEAM: 18
Players not in play should sit on their team bench or be in their warm-up area. Coach and other team members sit on the bench, but may temporarily leave it.
Benches are located beside the scorer's table, outside the free zone.
Only the team composition members are permitted to enter the playing area, sit on the bench during the match, and participate in the official warm-up session.
Players not in play may warm-up without balls:
During play: in the warm-up areas
During time-outs: in the free zone behind their court.
During set intervals, players may warm-up using balls within their own free zone.
EQUIPMENT: 18
Jersey, shorts, socks (the uniform), and sport shoes.
Color and design for jerseys, shorts, and socks must be uniform for the team (except for the Libero); uniforms must be clean.
Shoes must be light and pliable with rubber or composite soles without heels.
Players' jerseys must be numbered from 1 to 20.
FIVB, World and Official Competitions for Seniors, numbers may be extended where larger playing squads are used
Number must be placed on the jersey at the centre of the front and back. Color and brightness of the numbers must contrast with the color and brightness of the jerseys.
Number must be a minimum of 15 cm in height on the chest and a minimum of 20 cm in height on the back. The stripe forming the numbers shall be a minimum of 2 cm in width.
The team captain must have on his/her jersey a stripe of 8 x 2 cm underlining the number on the chest.
It is forbidden to wear uniforms of a color different from that of the other players (except for the Liberos), and/or without official numbers.
CHANGE OF EQUIPMENT: 19
The 1st referee may authorize one or more players:
To play barefoot.
To change wet or damaged uniforms between sets or after substitution, provided that the color, design and number of the new uniform(s) are the same.
To play in training suits in cold weather, provided that they are of the same color and design for the whole team (except for the Liberos) and numbered according to Rule 4.3.3.
FORBIDDEN OBJECTS: 19
It is forbidden to wear objects which may cause injury or give an artificial advantage to the player.
Players may wear glasses or lenses at their own risk.
Compression pads may be worn for protection or support.
For FIVB, World and Official competitions for Seniors, these devices must be of the same colour as the corresponding part of the uniform. Black, white or neutral colours may be also used provided that all using players wear the same colour.
TEAM LEADERS: 19
Both the team captain and the coach are responsible for the conduct and discipline of their team members. The Liberos can be either team or game captain.
CAPTAIN: 19
PRIOR TO THE MATCH, the team captain represents his/her team in the toss, then signs the score sheet.
DURING THE MATCH and while on the court, the team captain is the game captain. When the team captain is not on the court, the coach or the team captain must assign another player on the court to assume the role of game captain. This game captain maintains his/her responsibilities until he/she is substituted, or the team captain returns to play, or the set ends.
When the ball is out of play, only the game captain is authorized to speak to the referees:
To ask for an explanation on the application or interpretation of the Rules, and also to submit the requests or questions of his/her team- mates. If the game captain does not agree with the explanation of the 1st referee, he/she may choose to protest against such decision and immediately indicates to the 1st referee that he/she reserves the right to record an official protest on the score sheet at the end of the match;
To ask authorization:
to change all or part of the equipment,
to verify the positions of the teams,
to check the floor, the net, the ball, etc.;
In the absence of the coach unless the team has an assistant coach who has overtaken the coach’s functions to request time-outs and substitutions.
AT THE END OF THE MATCH, the team captain:
Thanks the referees and signs the score sheet to ratify the result;
May, when it has been notified in due time to the 1st referee, confirm and record on the score sheet an official protest regarding the referee’s application or interpretation of the rules.
COACH: 20
Throughout the match, the coach conducts the play of his/her team from outside the playing court. He/she selects the starting line-ups, the substitutes, and takes time-outs. In these functions his/her contacting official is the 2nd referee.
PRIOR TO THE MATCH, the coach records or checks the names and numbers of his/her players on the score sheet team roster, and then signs it.
DURING THE MATCH, the coach:
Prior to each set, gives the 2nd referee or the scorer the line-up sheet(s) duly filled in and signed; If Tablet apps are used, the electronic transmission of the line-up is automatically deemed to be official.
Sits on the team bench nearest to the scorer, but may leave it.
Requests time-outs and substitutions.
May, as well as other team members, give instructions to the players on the court. The coach may give these instructions while standing or walking within the free zone in front of his/her team’s bench from the extension of the attack line up to the warm-up area, if situated in the corner of the Competition Control Area, without disturbing or delaying the match. Should the warm up area be situated behind the team bench, then the coach may move from the extension of the attack line up to the end of his/ her team’s court, but without obstructing the view of the line judges.
ASSISTANT COACH: 21
The assistant coach sits on the team bench, but has no right to intervene in the match.
Should the coach have to leave his/her team for any reason including sanction, but excluding entering the court as a player, an assistant coach may assume the coach's functions for the duration of the absence, once confirmed to the referee by the game captain.
CHAPTER 3: PLAYING FORMAT: 22
TO SCORE A POINT, TO WIN A SET AND THE MATCH: 22
TO SCORE A POINT: 22
A team scores a point:
By successfully landing the ball on the opponent’s court;
When the opponent team commits a fault;
When the opponent team receives a penalty.
Fault: A team commits a fault by making a playing action contrary to the rules (or by violating them in some other way). The referees judge the faults and determine the consequences according to the rules:
If two or more faults are committed successively, only the first one is counted;
If two or more faults are committed by opponents simultaneously, a DOUBLE FAULT is called and the rally is replayed.
Rally and completed rally: A rally is the sequence of playing actions from the moment of the service hit by the server until the ball is out of play. A completed rally is the sequence of playing actions which results in the award of a point. This includes:
The award of a penalty
Loss of service for service hit made after the time-limit.
If the serving team wins a rally, it scores a point and continues to serve.
If the receiving team wins a rally, it scores a point and it must serve next.
TO WIN A SET: 22
A set (except the deciding 5th set) is won by the team which first scores 25 points with a minimum lead of two points. In the case of a 24-24 tie, play is continued until a two-point lead is achieved (26-24; 27-25; etc.).
TO WIN THE MATCH: 23
The match is won by the team that wins three sets.
In the case of a 2-2 tie, the deciding 5th set is played to 15 points with a minimum lead of 2 points.
DEFAULT AND INCOMPLETE TEAM: 23
If a team refuses to play after being summoned to do so, it is declared in default and forfeits the match with the result 0-3 for the match and 0-25 for each set.
A team that, without justifiable reason, does not appear on the playing court on time is declared in default with the same result as in Rule 6.4.1.
A team that is declared INCOMPLETE for the set or for the match, loses the set or the match. The opponent team is given the points, or the points and the sets, needed to win the set or the match. The incomplete team keeps its points and sets.
STRUCTURE OF PLAY: 23
THE TOSS: 23
Before the match, the 1st referee carries out a toss to decide upon the first service and the sides of the court in the first set.
If a deciding set is to be played, a new toss will be carried out.
The toss is taken in the presence of the two team captains.
The winner of the toss chooses:
the right to serve or to receive the service, OR
the side of the court. The loser takes the remaining choice.
OFFICIAL WARM-UP SESSION: 23
Prior to the match, if the teams have previously had a playing court exclusively at their disposal, they are entitled to a 6-minute official warm-up period together at the net; if not, they may have 10 minutes.
For FIVB, World and Official competitions, teams will be entitled to a 10 minute warm up period together at the net.
If either captain requests separate (consecutive) official warm-ups at the net, the teams are allowed 3 minutes each or 5 minutes each.
In the case of consecutive official warm-ups, the team that has the first service takes the first turn at the net.
For FIVB, World and Official Competitions, all players must wear playing uniform for the complete Protocol and warm up.
TEAM STARTING LINE-UP: 24
There must always be six players per team in play.
The team's starting line-up indicates the rotational order of the players on the court. This order must be maintained throughout the set.
Before the start of each set, the coach has to present the starting line-up of his/her team on a line-up sheet or via the electronic device, if used. The sheet is submitted, duly filled in and signed, to the 2nd referee or the scorer – or electronically sent directly to the e-scorer.
The players who are not in the starting line-up of a set are the substitutes for that set (except the Liberos).
Once the line-up sheet has been delivered to the 2nd referee or scorer, no change in the line-up may be authorized without a regular substitution.
Discrepancies between players’ position on court and on the line-up sheet are dealt with as follows:
When such a discrepancy is discovered before the start of the set, players' positions must be rectified according to those on the line-up sheet – there will be no sanction;
When, before the start of the set, any player on court is found not to be registered on the line-up sheet of that set, this player must be changed to conform to the line-up sheet – there will be no sanction;
However, if the coach wishes to keep such non-recorded player(s) on the court, he/she has to request regular substitution(s), by use of the corresponding hand signal, which will then be recorded on the score sheet. If a discrepancy between players’ positions and the line-up sheet is discovered later, the team at fault must revert to the correct positions. The opponent’s points remain valid and in addition they receive a point and the next service. All points scored by the team at fault from the exact moment of the fault up to the discovery of the fault are cancelled.
Where a player is found to be on court but he/she is not registered on the team roster, the opponent’s points remain valid, and in addition they gain a point and service. The team at fault will lose all points and/ or sets (0:25, if necessary) gained from the moment the non- registered player entered the court, and will have to submit a revised line-up sheet and send a new registered player into the court, in the position of the non-registered player.
POSITIONS: 25
At the moment the ball is hit by the server, each team must be positioned within its own court (except the server). The players of the receiving team must be in the rotational order at the service hit. The players of the serving team, however, are free to occupy any position at the service hit.
The positions of the players are numbered as follows:
the three players along the net are front-row players and occupy positions 4 (front-left), 3 (front-centre) and 2 (front-right);
the other three are back-row players occupying positions 5 (back-left), 6 (back-centre) and 1 (back-right).
Relative positions between players:
each back-row player must be positioned further back from the centre line than the corresponding front-row player;
the front-row players and the back-row players, respectively, must be positioned laterally in the order indicated in Rule 7.4.1.
The positions of players are determined and controlled according to the positions of their feet contacting the ground (the last contact with the floor fixes the player’s position), as follows:
each back-row player must be level with or have at least a part of one foot further from the centre line than the front foot of the corresponding front-row player;
each right (left) side player must be level with or have at least a part of one foot closer to the right (left) sideline than the foot further from the right (left) side line of the other players in that row.
After the service hit, the players of both teams may move around and occupy any position on their court and the free zone.
POSITIONAL FAULT: 25
The team commits a positional fault, if any player is not in his/her correct position at the moment the ball is hit by the server. When a player is on court through illegal substitution, and play restarts, this is counted as a positional fault with the consequences of an illegal substitution.
If the server commits a serving fault at the moment of the service hit, the server's fault is counted before a positional fault.
If the service becomes faulty after the service hit, it is the positional fault that will be counted.
A positional fault leads to the following consequences:
the team is sanctioned with a point and service to the opponent;
players' positions must be rectified.
ROTATION: 26
The rotational order is determined by the team's starting line-up and controlled with the service order and players' positions throughout the set.
When the receiving team has gained the right to serve, its players rotate one position clock-wise: the player in position 2 rotates to position 1 to serve, the player in position 1 rotates to position 6, etc.
ROTATIONAL FAULT: 26
A rotational fault is committed when the SERVICE is not made according to the rotational order. It leads to the following consequences in order:
the scorer stops play by the buzzer; the opponent gains a point and next service; If the rotational fault is determined only after the completion of the rally which started with a rotational fault, only a single point is awarded to the opponent, regardless of the result of the rally played.
the rotational order of the faulty team must be rectified;
Additionally, the scorer should determine the exact moment when the fault was committed, and all points scored subsequently by the team at fault must be cancelled. The opponent's points remain valid. If that moment cannot be determined, no point(s) cancellation takes place, and a point and service to the opponent is the only sanction.
CHAPTER 4: PLAYING ACTIONS: 27
STATES OF PLAY: 27
BALL IN PLAY: 27
The ball is in play from the moment of the hit of the service authorized by the 1st referee.
BALL OUT OF PLAY: 27
The ball is out of play at the moment of the fault which is whistled by one of the referees; in the absence of a fault, at the moment of the whistle.
BALL ”IN”: 27
The ball is “in” if at any moment of its contact with the floor, some part of the ball touches the court, including the boundary lines.
BALL “OUT”: 27
The ball is “out” when:
all parts of the ball which contact the floor are completely outside the boundary lines;
it touches an object outside the court, the ceiling or a person out of play;
it touches the antennae, ropes, posts or the net itself outside the side bands;
it crosses the vertical plane of the net either partially or totally outside the crossing space, except in the case of Rule 10.1.2;
it crosses completely the lower space under the net.
PLAYING THE BALL: 28
Each team must play within its own playing area and space (except Rule 10.1.2). The ball may, however, be retrieved from beyond its own free zone and over the scoring table in its complete extension.
TEAM HITS: 28
A hit is any contact with the ball by a player in play. The team is entitled to a maximum of three hits (in addition to blocking), for returning the ball. If more are used, the team commits the fault of “FOUR HITS” .
CONSECUTIVE CONTACTS: 28
A player may not hit the ball two times consecutively (except Rules 9.2.3, 14.2 and 14.4.2).
SIMULTANEOUS CONTACTS: 28
Two or three players may touch the ball at the same moment.
When two (or three) team-mates touch the ball simultaneously, it is counted as two (or three) hits (with the exception of blocking). If they reach for the ball, but only one of them touches it, one hit is counted. A collision of players does not constitute a fault.
When two opponents touch the ball simultaneously over the net and the ball remains in play, the team receiving the ball is entitled to another three hits. If such a ball goes “out”, it is the fault of the team on the opposite side.
If simultaneous hits by two opponents over the net lead to an extended contact with the ball, even if the contact is completed above the opponent court play continues.
ASSISTED HIT: 28
Within the playing area, a player is not permitted to take support from a team-mate or any structure/object in order to hit the ball.
However, a player who is about to commit a fault (touch the net or cross the centre line, etc.) may be stopped or held back by a team-mate.
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE HIT: 28
The ball may touch any part of the body.
The ball must not be caught and/or thrown. It can rebound in any direction.
The ball may touch various parts of the body, provided that the contacts take place simultaneously. Exceptions:
at blocking, consecutive contacts may be made by one or more player(s), provided that the contacts occur during one action;
at the first hit of the team, the ball may contact various parts of the body consecutively, provided that the contacts occur during one action.
FAULTS IN PLAYING THE BALL: 29
FOUR HITS: a team hits the ball four times before returning it.
ASSISTED HIT: a player takes support from a team-mate or any structure/object in order to hit the ball within the playing area.
CATCH: the ball is caught and/or thrown; it does not rebound from the hit.
DOUBLE CONTACT: a player hits the ball twice in succession or the ball contacts various parts of his/her body in succession.
BALL AT THE NET: 29
BALL CROSSING THE NET: 29
The ball sent to the opponent's court must go over the net within the crossing space. The crossing space is the part of the vertical plane of the net limited as follows:
below, by the top of the net;
at the sides, by the antennae, and their imaginary extension;
above, by the ceiling.
The ball, coming from the first hit of the team, that has crossed the net plane to the opponent’s free zone totally or partly through the external space, may be played back, within the team hits, provided that:
the opponent’s court is not touched by the player (except Rule 11.2.2.1)
the ball, when played back, crosses the net plane again totally or partly through the external space on the same side of the court – if not, it becomes ball out. The opponent team may not prevent such action.
the ball, sent to the opponent’s free zone totally or partly through the external space, which has come from the second or third hit of the team, cannot be played back and will be judged as ball OUT the moment it crosses the net plane.
The ball that is heading towards the opponent’s court through the lower space is in play until the moment it has completely crossed the vertical plane of the net.
BALL TOUCHING THE NET: 30
While crossing the net, the ball may touch it.
BALL IN THE NET: 30
A ball driven into the net may be recovered within the limits of the three team hits.
If the ball rips the mesh of the net or tears it down, the rally is cancelled and replayed.
PLAYER AT THE NET: 30
REACHING BEYOND THE NET: 30
In blocking, a player may touch the ball beyond the net, provided that he/she does not interfere with the opponent’s play before the latter’s attack hit.
After an attack hit, a player is permitted to pass his/her hand beyond the net, provided that the initial contact has been made within his/ her own playing space, and the ball is not caught or thrown.
PENETRATION UNDER THE NET: 30
It is permitted to penetrate into the opponent’s space under the net, provided that this does not interfere with the opponent’s play.
Penetration into the opponent's court, beyond the centre line:
To touch the opponent’s court with a foot (feet) is permitted, provided that some part of the penetrating foot (feet) remains either in contact with or directly above the centre line and this action does not interfere with the opponent’s play;
To touch the opponent’s court with any part of the body above the feet is permitted provided that it does not interfere with the opponent’s play.
A player may enter the opponent's court after the ball goes out of play.
Players may penetrate into the opponent's free zone provided that they do not interfere with the opponent’s play.
CONTACT WITH THE NET: 31
Contact with the net by a player between the antennae, during the action of playing the ball, is a fault. The action of playing the ball includes (among others) take-off, hit (or attempt) and landing safely, ready for a new action.
Players may touch the post, ropes, or any other object outside the antennae, including the net itself, provided that it does not interfere with the play.
When the ball is driven into the net, causing it to touch an opponent, no fault is committed.
PLAYER’S FAULTS AT THE NET: 31
A player touches the ball or an opponent in the opponent's space before the opponent’s attack hit.
A player interferes with the opponent's play while penetrating into the opponent’s space under the net.
A player’s foot (feet) penetrates completely into the opponent's court.
A player interferes with play by:
touching the net between the antennae or the antenna itself during his/her action of playing the ball,
using the net between the antennae as a support or stabilizing aid
creating an unfair advantage over the opponent by touching the net
making actions which hinder an opponent’s legitimate attempt to play the ball,
catching/ holding on to the net
Any player close to the ball as it is played, and who is him/herself trying to play it, is considered in the action of playing the ball, even if no contact is made with it.
However, touching the net outside the antenna is not to be considered a fault (except for Rule 9.1.3.)
SERVICE: 31
The service is the act of putting the ball into play, by the back-right player, placed in the service zone.
FIRST SERVICE IN A SET: 31
The first service of the first set, as well as that of the deciding 5th set is executed by the team determined by the toss.
The other sets will be started with the service of the team that did not serve first in the previous set.
SERVICE ORDER: 32
The players must follow the service order recorded on the line-up sheet.
After the first service in a set, the player to serve is determined as follows:
when the serving team wins the rally, the player (or his/her substitute) who served before, serves again;
when the receiving team wins the rally, it gains the right to serve and rotates before actually serving. The player who moves from the front-right position to the back-right position will serve.
AUTHORIZATION OF THE SERVICE: 32
The 1st referee authorizes the service, after having checked that the two teams are ready to play and that the server is in possession of the ball.
EXECUTION OF THE SERVICE: 32
The ball shall be hit with one hand or any part of the arm after being tossed or released from the hand(s