Untitled Flashcards Set

Describe what babies know about language characteristics in utero They start to distinguish familiar voices from unfamiliar ones, familiar books from unfamiliar ones, phonemes from their native language from non-native ones

Myelination the formation of a fatty sheath around the axons of a neuron

cooing (2-3 months)

largely universal

It does not appear to be affected by language experience

Deaf children also go through this stage, although they may produce fewer vocalizations

4-6 months - vocal play (modulating loudness, pitch)

This is also largely universal

• It does not appear to be affected by language experience

• Deaf children also go through this stage ,although they may produce fewer vocalizations

7-9 months -canonical babbling Vocalizations that start to sound language-like

Typically made up of identifiable phonemes

• Generally involves reduplication

 Babbling is partially language specific

• Deaf babies typically do not produce vocal canonical babbling

babies perceiving phonetic distinctions

Young babies typically can perceive phonetic distinctions used in both their native language and in other languages they are not exposed to

• ~8 months - start losing the ability to recognize phonetic distinctions not in your native language

Apraxia

Difficulty planning motor activity (premotor cortex) 

Generally affects articulation and/or prosody

• Imprecise or distorted articulation (note: ALL MSDs have imprecise speech)

• Substitutions, omissions or additions of sounds

• False starts and oral groping

• Slow speech rates

• Disrupted prosody

Dysarthrias

Difficulty executing and/or controlling motor activity

hyperkinetic dysarthrias involuntary movements are added to normal speech production (basal ganglia)

Hypokinetic Dysarthria

Resting tremors

• Hoarse and/or quiet voice

• Difficulty starting speaking

• Speech rate is too fast

• Flat prosody

• Flat loudness

(basal ganglia)

Hyperkinetic vs. Hypokinetic Dysarthria

Hyperkinetic-Overactivation of dopaminergic pathways in basal ganglia

Hypokinetic- Decreased activation of dopaminergic pathways in basal ganglia

Ataxic Dysarthria drunk" speech

• Irregular articulation problems

• results from damage to the (cerebellum)

Spastic Dysarthria

Harsh voice quality (strained/strangled)

• Flattening of prosody

• Flattening of loudness

• Slow speech

cause - bilateral damage to the neurons that feed into the cranial nerves ,e.g., strokes, TBI, cerebral palsy

(Corticobulbar Tract)

Flaccid Dysarthria from Trigeminal nerve (CNV) damage

Unilateral trigeminal nerve damage no significant speech disorders.

Bilateral trigeminal nerve damage

• Reduced jaw movement

• Reduced accuracy of articulation

Flaccid Dysarthria from facial nerve (CN VII) damage Affects facial expression and control of the mouth/lips

• Bell's Palsy results from unilateral damage• Inability to move one half of the face

• Distorts speech production (only half of lips are moving)

Flaccid Dysarthria involving the vagus nerve(CN X) vocal fold paralysis

• diplophonia (two concurrent voice pitches)

• control of vocal pitch, e.g., monopitch

• hypernasality

• stridor

Flaccid Dysarthria involving the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) Damage can result in

 • Ipsilateral paralysis of the tongue causing it to be wrinkled and atrophy

 • Articulatory imprecision, specifically when tongue involvement is critical

• Mild with unilateral damage

• Severe with bilateral damage

Nonfluent Aphasia

Lesion is in the left hemisphere, anteriorly

• Production: non-fluent and grammatical

• Comprehension: difficulties with understanding and producing complex grammatical structures

apraxia

Lesion is in the left hemisphere, anteriorly

• difficulty planning motor movements for speech (but know what you want to say)

Apraxia vs. Aphasia Non-fluent aphasia is a difficulty finding words and with certain grammatical structures

Difficulties cannot be explained by a motor problem

Have production issues that are affected by syntactic properties

Difficulty understanding complex sentences

Apraxia is a difficulty producing the words including inconsistent errors despite intact muscles (speech)

• symptoms are independent from language

• symptoms are restricted to motor problems