3D Laser Scanner in Forensic Investigations

The Royal Malaysia Police (PDRM) utilizes 3D Laser Scanner technology for crime scene investigation under the motto "Justice Via Forensics."
Digitalization allows for the reconstruction of crime scenes using 3D scanning and 2D panoramic imagery at a scale of $1:1$ .
Objectives include providing a digital representation of scenes to enhance investigation understanding while saving time compared to conventional methods.

Conventional Sketching: Manual drawings that are approximate, not to scale, and have low accuracy.
3D Laser Scanning: Provides high-precision, informative 3D presentations that reflect the actual scene environment.
Scene recording methods include: Pencil and paper (rough sketches), photography, video recording, and the 3D Scanner.

3D Laser Scanner (DCSR LS - 2010): - Maximum Range: $80\,m$ - Weight: $12\,kg$ - Internal Memory: $50\,GB$ - Display: Touch panel
Alternative Scanner (RTC 360): Effective range up to $300\,m$
Digital Camera: Canon EOS 60D with a Sigma Fish Eye lens.
Asus Laptop: Features an Intel i7 processor, $15"$ monitor, $512\,GB$ hard drive, and $32\,GB$ RAM.
Dell XPS Desktop: Features an Intel Centrino Processor - Quad core – Q9400, $22"$ widescreen monitor, and $2\,TB$ hard drive.

The technology utilizes a field of view of $360^{\circ}$ horizontally and $270^{\circ}$ vertically.
Distance is measured by manipulating the travel time of light in a $3D$ space at a scale of $1:1$ .
Process Stages: - Fieldwork: Point Cloud data collection at the scene. - Lab Work: Data processing using specialized software to create 3D Primitive Models and Advance 3D Models. - Report: Production of 2D plans, 3D animations, and virtual tours.

Preservation of the scene in its original state for virtual viewing at any time.
Measurements achieved with millimeter precision ( $mm$ ).
Non-biased documentation that is easy to store digitally and difficult to lose.
Informative 3D reports can be presented in court to provide the actual context of the incident.

The scanner is used to determine critical spatial data in ballistics investigations: - Angles: Side view and top view angles (e.g., $19^{\circ}$ , $62^{\circ}$ , $30.241^{\circ}$ , $80.020^{\circ}$ ). - Distance: Precise range measurements between points (e.g., $4.4\,m$ , $1.0\,m$ , $1973\,mm$ , $1894\,mm$ ). - Height: Determining minimum and maximum heights (e.g., $1.2\,m$ ).