Midterm Human Geo Review

REA: distort the oceans to preserve the size of the landmass Midterm Human Geo Review Page 10 of 56 SPATIAL PATTERNS DIRECTION CLUSTERING Midterm Human Geo Review Page 11 of 56 SPATIAL PATTERNS DISPERSAL ELEVATION Midterm Human Geo Review Page 12 of 56 SPATIAL CONCEPTS Flows: The way different places interact with each other. The level of exchange of peoplMIDTERM REVIEW AP HUMAN GEO Sahar Sayam Midterm Human Geo Review Page 1 of 56 UNIT 1 Thinking Geographically Midterm Human Geo Review Page 2 of 56 THEMATIC VS REFERENCE MAPS display physical and man made features boundaries, place names, locations show the density and distribution of QUANTITATIVE data Spatial Patterns: relationships between the arrangement and distribution of a phenomenon Midterm Human Geo Review Page 3 of 56 CHOROPLETH MAP use colors or shading depict quantifiable data to show density or distribution Midterm Human Geo Review Page 4 of 56 DOT MAP Places a dot representing a value in the approximate location. Shows the spatial distribution of a theme. Midterm Human Geo Review Page 5 of 56 GRADUATED SYMBOL MAP AKA Proportional symbol maps, depict values through symbols proportional to that value. May make it difficult to discern in high density maps or between symbol sizes. Midterm Human Geo Review Page 6 of 56 ISOLOINE MAP connect areas of equal value with lines. Often used for weather maps and with colors. Midterm Human Geo Review Page 7 of 56 CATROGRAMS Depict values through distorting the appearance of places Midterm Human Geo Review Page 8 of 56 ABSOLUTE VS RELATIVE quantitative measurement (coordinates, miles away) qualitative (near X, right side of Y) Location, distance, and direction DISNEY WORLD: 28.3772° N, 81.5707° W Disney World is about 30 minutes north of my grandma’s house Midterm Human Geo Review Page 9 of e, info, or goods. Distance Decay: the farther away a place is, the less interaction there is Time-space compression: the reduction of time it takes for things to exchange due to increasing connections and globalization from technology (phones, planes, and larger ships) Midterm Human Geo Review Page 13 of 56 GEOGRAPHIC DATA Governments, corporations, and research institutes collect it for: finding potential customers/employees urban planning Census: recorded every ten years determines congressional districts allocates funding and social services infrastructure plans Midterm Human Geo Review Page 14 of 56 GEOGRAPHIC DATA CONT. Geographic Information Systems (GIS): collects, stores, analyzes. and displays geographic data through maps, charts, and 3D models Geographic Positioning System (GPS): Satellites use latitude and longitude coordinates to locate positions Midterm Human Geo Review Page 15 of 56 Sustainability: getting immediate benefits while preserving resources for future use Natural resources: produced by nature renewable: sunlight, water, wind non-renewable: fossil fuels, minerals Land use: changing the Earth’s surface for agricultural, industrial, residential, or recreational purposes ENVIRONMENTAL INTERACTION Midterm Human Geo Review Page 16 of 56 ENVIRONMENTAL THEORIES Determinism: ancient thought process that believed that whatever nature provided were the only materials of use determined cultural attributes over simplistic Possibilism: 1900's theorythat acknowledged human impact on resource usage technologycna harness power overcome limitations Midterm Human Geo Review Page 17 of 56 SCALE OF ANALYSIS The level at which the geographic data is analyzed the census measures local, state, and federal qualities Midterm Human Geo Review Page 18 of 56 REGIONS defined on the basis of one or more distinctive characteristics/patterns. The region’s core will have that dominant trait, and slowly decrease outwards until it is absent. Formal: uniform, homogenous; unified through language, political systems, ethnicity, or faith. Functional: Nodal; center of activity unified through networks Perceptual: vernacular; based on ideas and perceptions so unclear, varying boundaries Midterm Human Geo Review Page 19 of 56 UNIT 2 Population and Migration Patterns and Processes Midterm Human Geo Review Page 20 of 56 POPULATION DISTRIBUTOIN Carrying capacity: how many people the amount of resources can support. Varies based on resource expenditure and methods. Ecumene: Areas of permanent settlement of the surface. Influenced by the prevalence of physical factors such as: Climate: weather patterns over time Landforms: Where are the resources for agriculture? Bodies of water: need freshwater for plants and people Human factors: culture economics politics history Midterm Human Geo Review Page 21 of 56 Arithmetic density: the number of people per square mile or square kilometer Phsyiological density: the number of people per unit of arable land (pop/land) Agricultural density: the number of farmers per unit of arable land (farmers/land) DENSITY ARABLE LAND Midterm Human Geo Review Page 22 of 56 DEMOGRAPHICS age, health, gender, occupation, fertility, and other characteristics that build a population and its people. Has political social, and economic consequences jobs must be abundant enough for working-age people are there enough people to work the jobs needed? hospitals, pre-natal care, education? Midterm Human Geo Review Page 23 of 56 POPULATION DYNAMICS Population increases due to: fertility mortality migration Crude birth rate: total number of birth per 1000 people number of live briths/ 1000 ppl Total fertility rate: average number of children a woman will bear avg. number of babies/woman Crude death rate: total number of deaths in a year per 1000 people total deaths/ 1000 ppl Infant mortality rate: how many deaths under one year of age infant death/ 1000 live births Midterm Human Geo Review Page 24 of 56 POLICIES Pro-natalist: encourages births improved healthcare education funding tax cuts Anti-natalist: Discourages growth one-child policy Lenient immigration policies attract voluntary migrants and refugees seeking asylum. Midterm Human Geo Review Page 25 of 56 DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION MODEL Midterm Human Geo Review Page 26 of 56 EPIDEMIOLOGICAL TRANSITION Midterm Human Geo Review Page 27 of 56 MALTHUSIAN THEORY The idea that popualtion growth will outpace food production, leading to famine and population decline outdated and many argue disproved Preventive and Positive Checks Preventive Checks: Measures that reduce birth rates, such as moral restraint (delayed marriage, celibacy) and family planning. Positive Checks: Factors that increase the death rate, such as famine, disease, and war. Midterm Human Geo Review Page 28 of 56 MIGRATION Types of Migration: Internal Migration: Movement within a country (e.g., rural to urban). External Migration: Movement between countries (e.g., emigration, immigration). Voluntary vs. Forced Migration: Voluntary Migration: People move based on economic or personal reasons (e.g., job opportunities). Forced Migration: People are compelled to move due to conflict, persecution, or natural disasters (e.g., refugees). Ravenstein's Laws of Migration: Most migrants travel short distances. Migrants tend to move to urban areas. Each migration flow creates a counterflow (e.g., people leaving areas of conflict may create migration to neighboring regions). Midterm Human Geo Review Page 29 of 56 THEORIES OF MIGRATION Push and Pull Factors Gravity Model of Migration: Suggests that the number of people migrating between two locations is proportional to their population sizes and inversely proportional to the distance between them. Refugee Movements: People fleeing from conflict (e.g., Syrian Refugee Crisis, African conflicts). Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs): People who have been forced to flee their homes but remain within their country. Midterm Human Geo Review Page 30 of 56 UNIT 3 Cultural Patterns and Processes “Regional patterns of language, religion, and ethnicity contribute to a sense of place, enhance placemaking, and shape the global cultural landscape.” Midterm Human Geo Review Page 31 of 56 CULTURE The shared beliefs, practices, values, and behaviors of a group of people. Cultural Traits: Language, religion, customs, food, architecture, and dress. Cultural Landscape: The visible imprint of human activity and culture on the landscape (e.g., agricultural fields, cities). Midterm Human Geo Review Page 32 of 56 CULTURAL DIFFUSION Relocation Diffusion: The spread of culture through the movement of people (e.g., immigration). Expansion Diffusion:when innovations spread to new places while staying strong in their original locations Contagious Diffusion: The spread of culture rapidly and widely from the source (e.g., viral internet trends). Hierarchical Diffusion: The spread of culture from larger, more important places to smaller, less important places (e.g., fashion trends from cities to smaller towns). Stimulus Diffusion: The spread of an idea or practice that is modified to fit local culture (e.g., McDonald’s menu items in different countries). Midterm Human Geo Review Page 33 of 56 LANGAUGE Language Families: Groups of languages that share a common ancestor (e.g., Indo-European, Sino-Tibetan). Language Branches and Groups: Sub-categories within a family (e.g., Romance branch, Germanic group). Lingua Franca: A common language used for communication between people who do not share a native language (e.g., English in global business). Endangered Languages: Languages that are at risk of falling out of use (e.g., Native American languages). Language Extinction: When a language no longer has any speakers. Official Languages: Languages recognized by governments for official use (e.g., French in Canada, Spanish in many Latin American countries). Midterm Human Geo Review Page 34 of 56 Midterm Human Geo Review Page 35 of 56 RELIGION Universalizing vs. Ethnic Religions: Universalizing: Religions that seek to spread their beliefs globally (e.g., Christianity, Islam, Buddhism). Ethnic: Religions that are closely tied to a specific ethnic group or location (e.g., Hinduism, Judaism). Religious Diffusion: Relocation Diffusion: Movement of believers (e.g., the spread of Islam). Contagious Diffusion: Widespread adoption of religious beliefs. Hierarchical Diffusion: Religious leaders or missionaries spreading beliefs (e.g., Catholicism spreading through European exploration). Sacred Spaces: Areas or places that hold spiritual significance (e.g., Mecca for Muslims, Jerusalem for Christians, Jews, and Muslims). Midterm Human Geo Review Page 36 of 56 RELIGION Midterm Human Geo Review Page 37 of 56 ETHNICITY AND RACE Ethnicity: Cultural identity based on shared cultural practices, traditions, and heritage (e.g., Han Chinese, Arab, Zulu). Race: Socially constructed categories based on physical characteristics (e.g., Black, White, Asian). Ethnic Clusters: Concentrated areas where ethnic groups live (e.g., Chinatown in many cities). Ethnic Enclaves: Areas where a particular ethnic group is geographically concentrated (e.g., Little Italy, Harlem). Ethnic Conflict: Tensions and conflicts between ethnic groups (e.g., Rwanda, Bosnia, Israel/Palestine). Midterm Human Geo Review Page 38 of 56 POP CULTURE VS FOLK CULTURE Popular Culture: Cultural practices, beliefs, and objects that are widespread and constantly changing (e.g., pop music, fast food, sports). Typically urban, mass-produced, and associated with globalized societies. Folk Culture: Traditional, localized culture that is passed down through generations (e.g., Amish communities, indigenous customs). Often rural and tied to a specific geographic area. Midterm Human Geo Review Page 39 of 56 LANDSCAPES AND HEARTHS Cultural Hearths: The origins of cultural practices, technologies, or ideas that spread to other areas (e.g., the Nile Valley for ancient Egyptian culture). Cultural Landscape: The physical manifestation of cultural practices (e.g., religious buildings, agricultural systems, urban layouts). Midterm Human Geo Review Page 40 of 56 GLOBALIZATION ->CHANGE Cultural Globalization: The spread of culture, ideas, and products worldwide (e.g., McDonald's, Hollywood movies). Cultural Imperialism: The dominance of one culture over others, often leading to the erosion of local cultures (e.g., Westernization). Cultural Homogenization: The process by which cultures become more similar due to globalization (e.g., the spread of English as a global language). Cultural Hybridization: The blending of different cultural elements to create new forms (e.g., fusion cuisine, multicultural cities). Midterm Human Geo Review Page 41 of 56 CULTURAL EXCHANGE Acculturation: The process of cultural exchange and adaptation when two or more cultures come into contact (e.g., immigrants adopting aspects of the host culture while retaining some of their own traditions). Assimilation: The process by which a minority group gradually adopts the culture of the dominant group, losing their original cultural identity. Midterm Human Geo Review Page 42 of 56 CONFLICT Language Conflict: Tensions arising from linguistic diversity (e.g., Belgium with French and Dutch-speaking populations). Religious Conflict: Conflicts between groups with different religious beliefs (e.g., conflicts between Hindus and Muslims in India, Protestants vs. Catholics in Northern Ireland). Secularism: The decline of religious influence in society, often associated with modernization (e.g., secular governments in Europe). Midterm Human Geo Review Page 43 of 56 THANK YOU Midterm Human Geo Review Page 44 of 56 UNIT 4 Political Patterns and Processes Midterm Human Geo Review Page 45 of 56 POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY State vs. Nation: State: A politically organized territory with a permanent population, defined territory, sovereignty, and recognition by other states. Nation: A group of people with a shared cultural identity, often linked to a specific territory (e.g., the Kurds). Nation-State: A state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular nation (e.g., Japan, Iceland). Midterm Human Geo Review Page 46 of 56 POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY CONT. Sovereignty: The authority of a state to govern itself and make decisions without external interference. Territoriality: The relationship between people and their land, often influencing political boundaries. Midterm Human Geo Review Page 47 of 56 BOUNDARIES Types of Boundaries: Physical Boundaries: Natural features like rivers, mountains, or deserts that serve as borders (e.g., the Rio Grande river between the U.S. and Mexico). Cultural Boundaries: Boundaries based on cultural differences like language or religion (e.g., the division between French-speaking and Dutch-speaking regions of Belgium). Geometric Boundaries: Straight-line borders that often ignore physical or cultural features (e.g., the border between the U.S. and Canada). Midterm Human Geo Review Page 48 of 56 BOUNDARIES RELIC BOUNDARIES: A BOUNDARY THAT NO LONGER EXISTS BUT HAS LEFT A LASTING IMPACT ON THE LANDSCAPE OR CULTURAL PRACTICES. SUPERIMPOSED BOUNDARIES: BOUNDARIES THAT ARE IMPOSED BY AN OUTSIDE POWER, OFTEN WITHOUT REGARD TO EXISTING CULTURAL OR ETHNIC DIVISIONS WITHIN A REGION. SUBSEQUENT BOUNDARIES: BOUNDARIES THAT ARE ESTABLISHED AFTER THE CULTURAL LANDSCAPE HAS ALREADY DEVELOPED. THESE BOUNDARIES ARE OFTEN DRAWN TO REFLECT EXISTING CULTURAL DIVISIONS. ANTECEDENT BOUNDARIES: BOUNDARIES THAT WERE ESTABLISHED BEFORE SIGNIFICANT HUMAN SETTLEMENT OR CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE REGION. THESE BOUNDARIES ARE OFTEN BASED ON PHYSICAL FEATURES LIKE RIVERS OR MOUNTAINS. CONSEQUENT BOUNDARIES: BOUNDARIES THAT ARE DRAWN TO REFLECT AND ACCOMMODATE CULTURAL DIFFERENCES SUCH AS LANGUAGE, RELIGION, OR ETHNICITY. Midterm Human Geo Review Page 49 of 56 BOUNDARIES Boundary Disputes: Definitional: Disagreements over the definition of boundaries. Locational: Disputes over the interpretation of boundary location. Operational: Disagreements over how boundaries should be administered (e.g., border control policies). Allocational: Disputes over resource allocation (e.g., access to water sources). Midterm Human Geo Review Page 50 of 56 POLITICAL SYSTEMS Unitary States: Centralized systems where the central government holds most of the power (e.g., France, China). Federal States: Political systems where power is shared between a central government and regional or local governments (e.g., United States, Germany). Confederation: A system where smaller political units retain most of the power (e.g., the Articles of Confederation in the U.S. prior to the Constitution). Midterm Human Geo Review Page 51 of 56 ELECTORAL GEOGRAPHY Gerrymandering: The manipulation of electoral district boundaries to favor one political party over another. Cracking: Splitting an opposing party’s votes across many districts. Packing: Concentrating an opposing party’s votes in one district to reduce their influence elsewhere. Voting Districts: Boundaries used for political elections, such as congressional districts Midterm Human Geo Review Page 52 of 56 ELECTORAL GEOGRAPHY Midterm Human Geo Review Page 53 of 56 MULTI-LATERAL ORGANIZATIONS Supranational Organizations: Organizations where multiple states work together for common goals (e.g., the United Nations, European Union). United Nations (UN): A global organization that promotes peace, security, and cooperation. European Union (EU): A political and economic union that allows for free movement, trade, and shared policies among member states. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO): A military alliance focused on collective defense among member states. Midterm Human Geo Review Page 54 of 56 POLITICAL SHIFTS Ethnic and Religious Conflicts: Disputes often arise from cultural, ethnic, or religious differences (e.g., the Israeli Palestinian conflict, the breakup of Yugoslavia). Devolution: The transfer of power from a central government to regional or local authorities (e.g., the devolution of powers to Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland). Secession: The act of a region or group breaking away from a larger political entity to form its own state (e.g., South Sudan’s independence from Sudan). Midterm Human Geo Review Page 55 of 56 NATIONALISM A sense of pride, loyalty, and devotion to one’s nation or culture. Civic Nationalism: Based on shared political beliefs and citizenship rather than ethnicity or culture (e.g., U.S., France). Ethnic Nationalism: Based on shared ethnicity, language, or religion (e.g., the desire for an independent Kurdish state). Centripetal Forces: Forces that unify a country (e.g., shared language, national symbols). Centrifugal Forces: Forces that divide a country (e.g., regionalism, ethnic/religious conflicts). Midterm Human Geo Review Page 56 of 56